Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lina Le Period 6 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Lina Le Period 6 Endocrine System
Major Functions
Influences the activity of the bodies cells
Uses hormones transported through the blood to influence metabolic activities
Controls:
Growth and Development
Maintains electrolytes, water, and the nutrient balance of blood.
Reproduction
Regulates cellular metabolism and energy
Mobilizes body defenses
Diseases
Diabetes insipidus
damage to the hypothalamus causing ADH deficiency
Gigantism/Acromegaly
caused by anterior pituitary tumor
Gigantism found in children and they can reach up to 8 feet in height.
Acromegaly is found in adults and symptoms can be the over growth of hands, feet, and face
hypersecretion of growth hormones
Pituitary Dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormones
In children they can reach up to only 4 feet
Graves' Disease
hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
autoimmune disorder where the body creates abnormal antibodies that emulate TSH causing the stimulation of TH
symptoms : elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite food
possible symptom : exophthalmos; eyes protruding
treatment : surgical removal or radioactive iodine
Cushing's Syndrome
caused by tumors on the pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex, can also be caused by the overuse of corticosteroids.
the depression of bone and cartilage formation, depression of the immune system, inhibition of inflammation, disruption of neural, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal functions
treatment : removal of tumor or discontinuation of drugs
Addison's Disease
deficit of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
decrease in plasma glucose levels
symptoms : weight loss, dehydration, hypotension
possible signs are bronzing of the skin
treatment : corticosteroid replacement therapy
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Hyposecretion of insulin is Type 1
Hypoactivity of insulin is Type 2
Signs :
Polyuria : large amount of urine output
Polydipsia : excessive thirst
Polyphagia : excessive food consumption
Hyperinsulinism
hypersecretion of insulin
cause of hypoglycemia
symptoms : anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, possible death
treatment : ingestion of sugar
Steroid vs. Non-steroid
Amino acid-based hormones
derived from amino acids, peptides, and proteins
water-soluble
hormones :
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Steroids
synthesized from cholesterol, gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
lipid-soluble
hormones :
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone Regulation
controlled by negative feedback systems
triggered by :
Endocrine gland stimuli
Humoral stimuli
changes blood levels
Neural stimuli
stimulate hormone release
Hormonal stimuli
stimulate endocrine organs
Nervous system modulaltion
modify stimulation or inhibition of endocrine glands
overrides normal endocrine controls
Major Glands/Organs
Organs
Stomach
Kidney
hormone : erythropoietin
target organ : red blood cells
function :signals the production of red blood cells
Heart
hormone : Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
target organ : blood
function : decreases the levels of Na+ in the blood including blood pressure and volume of blood
Pancreas
hormones : glucagon, insulin
target organs :
glucagon : liver
insulin : muscle and liver
functions :
glucagon : breaks down glycogen into glucose, synthesizes glucose from lactic acid, releases glucose into blood
insulin : lowers blood glucose levels by, enhancing transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen, amino acids or fats to glucose
Thymus
hormones : thymulin, thymopoietins, thymosins
target organ : immune response
function : involved in he normal development of lymphocytes
Testes
function : maturation of male reproductive organs, sexual characteristics, sex drive, sperm production, maintains reproductive organs state
hormones : testosterone
target organs : reproductive organs
Hypothalamus
Ovary
hormones : estrogen, progesterone
target organs : reproductive organs
function : maturing of reproductive organs, sexual characteristics, breast development, changes in uterine mucosa
Adipose tissue
hormones : leptin, resistin
target organs : pancreas
functions :
leptin : appetite, stimulates increase in energy expenditure
Resistin : antagonist to insulin
Gastrointestinal tract
hormones : gastrin, secretin
target organs :
secretin : liver, pancreas
functions :
secretin : stimulates target organs
gastrin : stimulates HCl release
Skeleton
hormone : osteocalcin
target organ: bone, pancreas
function : secretes more insulin, restricts the storage of fat, improves glucose levels, and reduces body fat
Glands
Pineal gland
hormone : melatonin
target organ : brain
function : timing of sexual maturation/puberty, day/nigh cycles, body temperature, sleep, appetite, production of antioxidants and detoxification molecules in cells
Parathyroid gland
hormone : parathyroid hormone (PTH)/ parathomone
target organs : skeleton, kidneys, intestine
function: used in Ca2+ homeostasis, stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release of Ca2+, enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+, secretes phosphate through kidneys, promotes activation of vitamin D
Thyroid gland
function : triggers transcription of various metabolic genes, increase metabolic rate, increases heat production, regulates tissue growth, maintains blood pressure
hormones : Thyroxine (T4), Triidothonine (T3)
target organ : most tissue
Adrenal gland
functions :
aldosterone : stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidneys, stimulates K+ elimination by kidneys
Cortisol : increases blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
epinephrine : stimulates metabolic activities
norepinephrine : influences peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
hormones : aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
target organs :
cortisol : cell tissue
epinephrine and norepinephrine : brain
aldosterone : kidneys