Endocrine System By Iara Garro Period 1
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Steroid vs. non steroid hormones + list
Homeostatic mechanization of hormone regulation (positive/negative feedback)
Endocrine System Diseases
Major Endocrine glands/organs and their functions (body cavity and region separation) with hormones, target organs, and functions
The major function of the endocrine system is to use hormones to infulence metabolic actibitires; it also works with the nervius aystem to coordinate the body's cell activity
Endocrine system controls (5): 1) reproduction, 2) growth+development, 3) electrolyte and water balance, 4) energy/metabolism regulation, and 5) body defenses being mobilized
Parathyroid gland:
Thymus: Thymulin, thymopoietins, and thymosins involved in lymphocyte production for immune system
Thyroid gland: Thyroid hormone; found as T3 (thyroxine) or T4 (Triidothyronine); target organs: whole body, basically all; maintains growth/development, blood pressure, and heat production/base metabolic rate
Adrenal glands: Has two glands, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Pituitary gland: Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
Pancreas: Glucagon and insulin; glucagon increases blood sugar levels by releasing it into the blood (positive feedback); Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by transporting it into fat/muscle cells (negative feedback)
Hypothalamus: Cinnected to the pituitary gland; hormones: releasing and inhibiting hromones to its target organ anterior pituitary; regulates hormone secretion; also secretes oxytocin and ADH
Gonads (sex organs):
Pineal gland: secretes melatonin (targets brain) which helps you sleep; also detoxifies molecules in cells and promotes puberty
Anterior pituitary: glandular tissue, has 6 hormones:
Posteiro pituitary: Oxytocina nd ADH (along wioth hypothalamus);
Oxyctoicn: Neurotransmitter for brain, encourages pisitive feedback for klabor contractiins and releasing of milk in women's breasts
Antidiuretic hormone: monitors solute conecntrations and is brougth when they're too high; target: kidney tubules, since ADH causes reabsorption of water to prevent formation of urine; can also cause vasopressin
Diabetes insipidus: Damage to posterior pituitary/hypothalamus causes an ADH deficiency
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone: Target organ: adrenal cortex; stimulates release of corticosteroids
FSH Follicle stimulating hormone: Gonadotropic cell secretes it; target organ: sex organs; FSH stimulates production of eggs or sperm (gametes)
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone: Target organ: thyrpid; promotes normal development of thyrpid and normal secretion
LSH Lutenizing hormone: also secreted by gonadotropic cells; promotes gondal hormone production (estrogen/progesterone in females, testerserone in males)
GH Growth hormone: Directly affects metabplsim in body/growth development
PRL Prolactin: Target organ: breast, as it stimulates milk production in women
Steroid hormones: created from cholesterol; gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroid hormones, and they are lipid soluble
Amino acid based hormones: Do not have steroids in them; water soluble; have amino acids, peptides, and proteins
Parathyroid hromone secreted; Targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines with the fucntion of stimulating osteoclasts to digest bone matrix, increasingly absorbs CA+ w kidneys activating Vitamin D, and kidneys begin to secrete phosphate
Adrenal cortex: Corticosteroids are produced (24+) but there are 3 different corticosteroids: mineralcorticoids,
glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids
Adrenal medulla: Epinephrine and Noepinephrine: Both target brain, heart, and skeletal muscle; epjinephrine stimulates metabolic activities (blood flow) while noepinephrine influences peripheral vasoconstriction/blood pressure
Glucocorticoids: Increase action of vasoconstricors, maintains blood pressure, blood sugar levels regulated and constant;
Gonadocorticoids: adrenal sex hormone, targets sex organs; androgens in male body converted to testoserone/estrogen, causes developments during puberty, and sex drive in women
Mineralcorticosteroids: function: electrolyte camoutn regulated; Hormone: aldosterone, which stimulates NA+ reabsoprtion (target oirgan kidneys) and K+ elemination, increading blood pressure
Hormones: Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone; Cortisol responds to Adrenocorticotropic hormones by increasing sugar levels, amino/fatty acids
Diabetes mellitus: T 1)Hyposecretion of insulin/ T2) hypoactivity of inssulin; fatty acid metabolism that the body begins to rely on results in ketoacidosis, which depresses the nervous system disrupts heart acivty/oxygen transport, and causes death
Hypoerinsulinism: hypersecretion of insulin; can cause anxiety and death; treated by ingesting sugar
Ovaries: estogren/progesterone with target organ being sex organs; matures sexual organs, caues secondary sexual charactyeristics; progesterone causes breast formation
Testes: testosterone: matures male sex organs; causes normal sperm production, secondary sexual charcteristics, and sex organs functional
Placenta: estrogen, progesterone, and horionic gonadotropin
Steroid hormones: sex hormones (testosteone, progesterone, estrogen) cortisol, aldosterine, adrenocrticol, androstenedione)
Amino acid hormones: epinephrine, noephinephrine, adrenaline, thyroid hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, parathormone
Hormones are chemical signals that travel long distance in lymph/blood; their levels are controlled by the negative feedback system; increased hormone effect on organs stop more from coming (inhibition)
Positive feedback: endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modulation stimulates hormones (humeral/blood changes in nutrients, neural stimuli/nerve fibers stimulating, hormonal stimuli/ hormones stimulating other organs that are part of the endocrine system); the nervous system can also adjust hormone levels and override endocrine system controls (preparation of fight/flight system)
Myxedema: TH hyposecretion; weight gain, sluggishness, constipation, may lack iodine and goiter develops, which is the thyroid protruding out; TSH levels increased and unusable thyroglobulin produced
Hypothyroidism: poor development of thyroid gland; baby's ability to produce thyroid hormones evidenced by weak cries, jaundice, constipation; Treatment: thyroid hormone replacement
Grave's disease: Most common hypersecretion of thyroid hormone; abnormal antibodies (fake TSH) against thyroid follicular cells; thyroid needs to be removed/ radioactive iodine destroys the active thyroid cells
Cushing syndrome (Glucocorticoids): Hypersecretion; tumor in pituitary, lungs, kidneys, etc. will cause immune system and bone formaion depression; tumor needs to be removed/drugs need to be stopped
Addison's disease: Glucocorticoids/mineralcorticosoids hyposecretion: Na+ levels and plasma glucose decreased; ACTH levels rise and melanin production increases, = broning of skin; Treatment: corticosteroid replacement therapy