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Jenesis Perez Period: 5 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Jenesis Perez Period: 5 Endocrine System
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism
Underactivity
In adults: causes low metabolic rate, fatigue and weight gain
In infants: causes poor growth, bone formation,
abnormal mental development, and sluggishness
Hyperthyroidism
Overactivity
In adults: causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating
Can lead to formation of a goiter- an enlarged thyroid
that appears as a bulge in the neck
May lead to eye protrusion
PTH
Hypoparathyroidism
due to surgical removal
or injury to glands
deficiency of PTH,
decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
excess of PTH
perhaps due to
parathyroid tumor, which results in an increase in blood calcium
GH imbalances
Gigantism
GH oversecretion during childhood
Acromegaly
GH oversecretion in adulthood
Pituitary dwarfism
GH deficiency during childhood
adrenal hormones disorders
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of adrenal cortical
hormones
Addison disease
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Insulin is produced but is not recognized by cells
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
autoimmune disorder
beta cells are destroyed
insulin
production decreases or stops
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
positive feedback
oxytocin
childbirth
negative feedback
control hormone release
a gland is sensitive to the concentration of the substance it regulates
when the hormone rises
the hormone exerts the effects
further secretion is inhibited (stops) by negative feedback
then hormone secretion decreases
hormone then drops below its normal
level
Inhibition is removed
gland begins secreting more
hormone again
using negative feedback keeps the hormone levels constant
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions/ Include the hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
pituitary gland
Function: hormones so body cells to grow and reproduce
Posterior pituitary
stores hormones made by the hypothalamus
Releases these hormones into the blood in response
to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
ADH
causes kidneys to conserve water and reduces the amount of urine
hypothalamus regulates the secretion of ADH based on the
amount of water in body fluids
Oxytocin
Contracts smooth muscle in the uterine wall
Hypothalamus in response of vaginal walls and stimulation of
breasts
Anterior pituitary
Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control the
secretion from the anterior pituitary
Carried in the bloodstream directly to the anterior
pituitary by hypophyseal portal veins
then when stimulated to release or it will stop
releasing their hormone
ACTH
Regulated by CRH from hypothalamus
Stress can also increase release of CRH and increases ACTH
secretion
Gonadotropins
FSH and LH affects testes and ovaries
in male LH is also known as ICSH
GH
GHRH increases the amount of GH secreted
Nutritional status also affects the release of GH
Prolactin
Promotes milk production following the birth of an infant
controlled by PRF from the hypothalamus
TSH
Controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
TRH from hypothalamus
blood concentration of thyroid hormones increases, the secretions of
TRH and TSH decrease
hypothalamus controls the activity of the pituitary gland
Brain
Pancreas
Function: control level of blood glucose and maintain glucose levels in blood
Insulin
Decreases the blood level of glucose
High blood glucose stimulates the release of insulin
Glucagon
Increases the blood level of glucose
Low blood glucose level stimulates the secretion of glucagon
Pineal Gland
Function: regulation of
circadian rhythms
melatonin
Released at night, but is suppressed during the day
regulation of
circadian rhythms
Parathyroid Glands
PTH
increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration
negative feedback regulates blood calcium level that releases PTH
stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, which releases calcium into the blood
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol
Regulates glucose metabolism
glucocorticoid
Increases blood amino acids
Causes liver cells to produce glucose from non-carbohydrates to
increase glucose in blood
Stress, injury, or disease can cause the increase of cortisol
controls the release of cortisol
CRH from the hypothalamus
ACTH from the anterior pituitary
Aldosterone
mineralocorticoid
helps regulate mineral and electrolyte balance
kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water to
excrete potassium ions
decreasing blood volume and
blood pressure
detected by the kidney
Adrenal Sex Hormones
may stimulate early development of reproductive organs
Released by the gonads
Adrenal Medulla
norepinephrine and epinephrine
“fight-or-flight” responses
increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose, dilate
airways, decrease digestive activities
regulated by nerve impulses from the
central nervous system
on top of the kidneys
last up to 10 times longer
resemble those of the sympathetic neurotransmitters
Thyroid Gland
Function: help control caloric intake
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
from the anterior pituitary gland
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
Increases rate of energy release
from carbohydrates, protein synthesis, and accelerates
growth.
calcitonin
Lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when
they are too high
increases calcium excretion by the kidneys into urine
regulate metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
basal metabolic rate:
(BMR) the caloric intake necessary to maintain life
hypothalamus and pituitary gland control release of thyroid hormones
Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones
Thymus Gland
thymosins
production and differentiation
of T lymphocytes
very large in children but shrinks within age
Reproductive Glands
ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
testes produce testosterone
placenta produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
Digestive Glands
processes of digestion
secrete hormones associated with the stomach
and small intestine
Heart
atrial natriuretic peptide
Kidneys
Secretes erythropoietin
for blood cell production
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones
steroid
derived from
cholesterol
hormones
Estrogen
aldosterone
testosterone
cortisol
lipid-soluble, can go through the cell membrane
intercellular receptor
non-steroid
amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins
combine with receptors in target cell membranes
second messenger
Chemicals in the cell that respond to binding of the hormone and cause the
changes
produced from amino acids
first messenger
receptors in target cell membranes
The receptors have a binding site and an activity site
hormones
Norepinephrine
epinephrine
thyroid hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PTH
GH
Prolactin
FSH
LH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Major functions of the endocrine system
secrete hormones in blood stream to target cells
to maintain homeostasis