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The Endocrine System-Brianna Mayorga p.6 - Coggle Diagram
The Endocrine System-Brianna Mayorga p.6
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system works with the nervous system to regulate the activity of cells in the body. This system influences the metabolic activities done by hormones throughout the bloodstream. The endocrine system also integrates reproduction, development, maintenance and chemical balance in the blood, and the mobilization of the defenses of the body.
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs & Their Functions
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary
Growth hormone is responsible for cell repair, lengthening the bone, and growth of muscle
Prolactin is responsible for milk production and release in females
Thyroid-stimulating hormone is responsible for regulating the activity in the thyroid when secreting TH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is in charge of releasing corticosteroids
Gonadotropins (FSH & LH) stimulates production of gametes and sex hormones, also the proces of menstruation in females
Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant released during childbirth due to contractions and is also responsible for milk ejection
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is triggered by pain, low blood pressure, and drugs
Pineal Gland
Melatonin is the hormone in charge of sleep cycles and for the production of antioxidants/detoxification of molecules in the cells
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormones regulate tissue growth & maintains the pressure in the blood, mainly affects every cell in the body since it's the body's major metabolic hormone
Calcitonin lowers the levels of calcium in the blood, basically PTH's antagonist
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid hormone is in charge of rising calcium levels in the bloodstream, target organ include: kidneys & intestines
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralcorticoids regulate electrolyte concentrations in blood and kidney cells
Glucorticoids maintain blood pressure and regulate blood glucose levels
Gonadecorticoids contribute to the development of sex hromones and target mainly tissue cells
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine ( 80%) & Norepinephrine (20%)
-Epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities
-Norepinephrine affects peripheral vasoconstriction and blood
pressure more
Pancreas
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels up
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels down
Adipose Tissue
Leptin is released for appetite control
Resistin which is insulin's antagonist
Heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide functions to lower blood pressure and blood volume
Kidneys
Erythropoietin signals for production of red blood cells
Skeleton
Osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin in bone
Thymus
Thymopoietin is involved in the normal development of Y lymphocytes in the immune system or lungs
Testes & ovaries
Testes produce testosterone which mainly helps with the development of male reproductive organs, sexual characteristics, and initiates a normal sperm production
The ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone which are also in charge for the development of the female reproductive organs, sexual characteristics, and breast development
Compare & Contrast Steroid vs Non-steroid hormones
Contrast:
-Non-steroids are amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins and are also water-soluble
-Steroids can synthesized from cholesterol, they include gonadal and adrenocortical hormones, and are also lipid-soluble
Compare: Both steroids and non-steroids are hormone that travel in the bloodstream or lymph, they also all alter target cell activity
Homeostatic Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation
Endocrine glands are stimulated to release hormones with 3 different stimuli
Humoral stimuli : changes ions and nutrients in blood levels
Hormonal stimuli : hormones that stimulate other hormone release in different endocrine organs
Neural stimuli : nerve fibers that stimulate hormone release
Positive & Negative feedback
With negative feedback some features of hormones action directly or sometimes indirectly when inhibiting other hormone secretion so that these certain hormone levels return back to an ideal or average level
With positive feedback there is a production of responses that increase continuously to get to a desired effect or level. An example of a positive feedback is the secretion of oxytocin during child labor.
Diseases associated with the Endocrine System
Diabetes insipidus
Is a disorder when ADH is deficient due to harm in the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Gigantism & dwarfism
Hypersecretion of GH leads to gigantism, while hyposecretion of GH leads to dwarfism
Myxedema
Hyposecretion of the TH in adults can lead to this disorder which results in puffy eyes, low metabolic rates, and a goiter
Grave's disease
Hypersecretion of the TH can lead to this disease which in result body makes abnormal antibodies directly against follicular thyroid cells
Cushing's syndrome
Depresses cartilage around the body and the immune system, causes tumors on pituitary and other organs, some signs include "moon face" & "buffalo hump"
Addison's disease
Involves a deficit of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoids
Diabetes mellitus
Hyposecretion of insulin results in Type 1 and hypoactivity of insulin can result into Type 2
Hyperinsulinism
Excessive secretion of insulin