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Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Endocrine System
Major Functions
Influence
metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood
Control & Integrate
maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
growth and development
mobilization of body defenses
reproduction
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs & Functions
Thoracic
Parathyroid
Parathyroid Hormone - PTH
reaches skeleton, kidneys, intestine
increases calcium levels in blood
Heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide - ANP
reaches kidney, cardiovascular system
decreases blood sodium concentration, blood pressure, blood volume
Thyroid
Thyroid Hormone - TH found in two forms, thyroxine, triiodothyronine
increases basal metabolic rate & heat production, regulates tissue growth and development, maintains blood pressure
reaches all cells in body
Thymus
Thymulin, Thymopoietins, Thymosins
controls immune responses
reaches T lymphocytes/WBC
Abdominal
Pancreas
Insulin
lowers blood glucose levels
reaches most tissues, liver, muscles
Glucagon
raises blood glucose levels
reaches liver
GI Tract
Secretin
stimulates liver & pancreas
reaches pancreas
Gastrin
reaches stomach
controls acid secretion, stimulates release HCI
Adrenal
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone
influence metabolism, maintain blood glucose, maintain blood pressure
reaches all tissues
Gonadocorticoids
reaches most body cells
regulate sex hormones
Mineralcoricoids - regulate electrolyte concentrations
Aldoesterone
stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium elimination by kidneys
reaches kidneys
Adrenal Medulla/Adrenaline
synthesizes catecholamine (epinephrine & norepinephrine): cause vasoconstriction, increase heart rate, increase blood glucose levels, diverts blood to brain, heart, & skeletal muscles
reaches all tissues
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
signals production of RBC
reaches cells in bone marrow
Cranial
Hypothalamus
links endocrine system with nervous system, regulates hormones pituitary secretes
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary to
regulate hormone secretion
Pituitary
Anterior Lobe
Adrenocorticotropic hormone - ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
reaches adrenal cortex
Gonadotropins
Follicle-stimulating hormone - FSH
reaches ovaries & testes
stimulates production of gametes (sperm/egg)
Luteinizing hormone - LH
promotes production of gonadal hormones
reaches ovaries & testes
Thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH
stimulates normal development & secretory activity of thyroid
reaches thyroid gland
Growth Hormone - GH
stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fat, spares glucose
reaches liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
Prolactin - PRL
stimulates lactation in females
reaches breast secretory tissue
Posterior Lobe/Neurohyophysis
Oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, triggers milk ejection
reaches uterine smooth muscle mammary gland
ADH
causes kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation
reaches kidneys
Pineal
helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.
secretes melatonin - reaches targeted areas in CNS
Pelvic
Gonads
Ovaries
Estrogen
helps with maturation of reproductive organs
reaches reproductive organs
Progesterone
causes breast development, cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
reaches uterus
Testes
Testosterone
initiates maturation of male reproductive organs, necessary for normal sperm production, maintains reproductive organs in functional state
reaches reproductive organs
Placenta
reaches corpus luteum
secretes estrogens progesterone, and human gonadotropin (hCG) to maintain a pregnancy
Adipose Tissue
Leptin
controls appetite, stimulates increased energy expenditure
reaches brain
Resistin
insulin antagonist
reaches liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Skeleton
Osteoclacin
prods pancreas to secrete more insulin, restricts fat storage, improves glucose handling, reduces body fat
reaches brain
Steroid vs. Non-Steroid Hormones
Steroid
Synthesized from cholesterol, lipid-soluble
Aldoesterone
Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
Testosterone
Estrogens and progesterone
Non-Steroid
amino-acid derivatives, peptides, & protein, water soluble
TH
GH
PRL
TSH
ATCH
FSH
ADH
LH
Oxytocin
Calcitonin
PTH
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Melatonin
Insulin
Glucagon
Homeostatic Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation
Positive Feedback
response that continues to increase in order to produce the desired effect
Oxytocin during childbirth
Negative Feedback
controls blood levels of hormones, by inhibiting changes
when there's increased hormone effects on target organs, hormone release is inhibited
the amount of a hormone can influence the # of receptors for that hormone
Up-Regulation
target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
Down-Regulation
target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
Diseases
Hyperthyroidism/Grave's Disease
high secretion of TH
Autoimmune disease: body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells, Antibodies mimic TSH, stimulating TH release
elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular
heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite adequate food, exophthalamos, goiter
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids - Cushing's syndrome/disease
Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
Cushingoid signs: “moon” face and “buffalo hump”
Hypothyroidism
low secretion of TH
ow metabolic rate, thick and/or dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling
chilled, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy, goiter if lacking in iodine
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids - Addison's disease
Decrease in plasma glucose and Na+levels
Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension, bronzing of skin
Hyposecretion of GH
Children
Pituitary Dwarfism - 4ft
Adults
No issues
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoactivity of Insulin
Insulin not working
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
Polyuria: huge urine output
Hypersecretion of GH
caused by anterior pituitary tumor
Children
gigantism - 8ft
Adults
acromegaly - overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Hyposecretion of Insulin
low amounts of insulin released
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
Polyuria: huge urine output
Diabetes Insipidus
ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
excessive urination, frequent urination, excessive thirst, water-electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, fatigue, or malaise, headache or weight loss
Hyperinsulism
excessive insulin secretion
low blood glucose levels, anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, death