Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Psychofarmology - College 2 Deel 1 - Coggle Diagram
Psychofarmology - College 2 Deel 1
Key Neurotransmitters
Amines
Serotonin (5-HT)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Dopamine (DA)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Amino acids
Glutamate (stimulating)
Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA) (inhibiting)
Excitates 80-90% of all neurons, so generally there is inhibition.
God's pharmacopeia
= God's pharmacy
The body has its own type of receptors, so the body makes it's own type of marijuana for example. You use drugs/medicine to effect your body's own drugs/medicine.
Beta endorphin -> morphine
Anandamide -> marijuana
Benzodiazepine receptor -> diazepam (valium)
Serotonin transporter -> fluoxetine (prozac)
Neurotransmission
The speed of transmission (pre- and postsynaptic neuron) depends on what is transported.
Convert electrical impuls (input) to chemical signal (output). -> signal transduction.
Ultimate goal (medication): change behavior.
Indirect process: through change in gene expression.
Co-transmission
= when a neurotransmitter gets transported by itself, there is always another neurotransmitter that gets transported into the cell aswell,
-> amine/aminoacids + peptide
That's why there are side effects.
Allosteric modulation
= changing the effect the neurotransmitter has on a specific receptor.
Very
fast
(milliseconds)
-> Glutamate (excitatory)
-> GABA (inhibitory)
Slow
(up to seconds)
-> Monoamines
-> Neuropeptides
Functions presynaptic neuron:
Changes an electrical impuls to chemical signal at synaps
Enzymes and receptors from nucleus to the axon ending
Pack neurotransmitter in vesicles ('ready to fire')
Convert chemical signal to electrical/chemical signal in postsynaptic neuron
Receptors:
Constructed of proteins
Created in soma (cell body)
Transported to axon ending
Placed in membrane
Bind neurotransmitter from other neurons
Classic neurotransmission
:
Electrical impuls in neuron
One neuron (presynaptic) sends chemical message to other neuron (postsynaptic)
Excitation - secretion coupling
Retrograde neurotransmission:
One neuron (postsynaptic) sends chemical message to other neuron (presynaptic)
3 primary:
-> Endocannabinoids (EC)
-> Nitric Oxide (NO)
-> Neurotrophic factors (NGF)
Volume neurotransmission:
"Nonsynaptic diffusion" (not via synaps)
"Puffs"
Matching receptors in diffusion distance (only matching receptors)
Dopamine in cortex
Monoamine autoreceptors
Signal transduction
:
Between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
Presynaptic genome -> postsynaptic genome -> presynaptic genome
Signal transduction cascade (series of chemical exchanges/steps)
4 important steps:
First messenger
Second messenger
Third messenger
Fourth messenger / Cell/gene expression
G-protein linked system
:
4 key elements ->
neurotransmitter
receptor (protein with 7 transmembrane parts)
G-protein
Enzyme
First messenger is the neurotransmitter
Because of the neurotransmitter, the receptor construction changes, now the g-protein can bind to receptor because of changed construction.
Then
receptor-G-protein complex
, so enzyme can bind to that complex.
The enzyme makes the second messenger
Second messenger = cAMP
Second messenger activates a protein kinase A
-> third messenger
Third messenger places phosphate group on CREB
Activation CREB = 4th messenger
CREB = transcription factor
Ion-channel linked system
:
Neurotransmitter is 1st messenger and changes the ion channel construction.
Increase kalium flow through the ion channel
This calcium itself acts as a second messenger
Calcium activates the CaMK
CREB
Kinase
vs
Phosphatases
(= takes away the phosphate). There needs to be a balance. Happen simultaneously. G-protein system is only kinase.