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Endocrine System Karina Quinones P6 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
Karina Quinones P6
Major Endocrine Glands and Organs
Pancreas: triangular gland located behind stomach
Insulin: decreases blood sugar levels (targets liver)
Glucagon: increases blood sugar levels (targets liver)
Pineal Gland: small gland hanging from third ventricle that secretes melatonin and regulates sleep-wake cycles, puberty, and body temp, targets the brain
Gonads and Placenta: ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, testes produce testosterone, placenta secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human gonadotropin (targets testes and ovaries)
Adrenal Gland: paired pyramid shaped organs on top of kidneys, separated into two glands
Adrenal Medulla: nervous tissue that is apart of sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine: influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
Epinephrine: stimulator of metabolic activities
Adrenal Cortex : three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete different hormones
Glucocorticoids: regulates blood glucose levels, influences the metabolism of most cells. Types are cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone targets the liver, adipose tissue, brain and lung
Gonadocorticoids (adrenal sex hormone): contributes to onset of puberty, sex drive in women, is testosterone in men and estrogen in women, targets testes or ovaries
Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolyte concentrations and sodium levels. Aldosterone is the most potent type. targets kidneys
Gastrointestinal tract: stimulates liver and pancreas, gastrin stimulates release of HCI
Parathyroid Gland: in posterior aspect of thyroid, secretes parathyroid hormone which plays role in Calcium homeostasis, targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines
Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide decreases blood sodium concentration, blood pressure, and blood volume
Thyroid Gland: butterfly shaped in anterior portion of the neck
Calcitonin: produced by parafollicular cells and regulates calcium levels in the blood (targets bone); antagonist to PTH
Thyroid Hormones: increase metabolic rate, regulate tissue growth, maintains blood pressure ( targets tissues)
T3 (triiodothyronine): maintain muscle control, brain and heart functions
T4 (thyroxine): affect every cell in body
Skeleton: osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin, restricts fat storage, improves glucose handling
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (targets adrenal cortex)
Gonadotropins
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): promotes production of gonadal hormones (targets ovaries or testes), triggers ovulation
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): stimulates production of gametes (egg or sperm)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid (targets thyroid gland)
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production (targets mammary gland)
Growth Hormone (GH): direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions (targets liver and adipose tissue)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): monitors solute concentrations (targets kidney tubules and triggered by pain, low bp, drugs)
Ocytocin: stimulant of uterine contractions, and triggers milk ejection (targets mammary gland)
Hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary via the infundibulum, it secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
Kidneys: erythropoietin signals produce red blood cells
Thymus: thymulin involved in normal development of T lymphocytes in immune response
Adipose Tissue: leptin is insulin antagonist, stimulates increased energy and appetite control
Steroids vs. Non-Steroids
Non-Steroid Hormones: Amino acid based hormones are polar and cant pass through target cells, bind to cell membrane receptors on the outside of the cells
epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, thyroxin, oxytocin, insulin, antidiuretic hormone, glucagon, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormones
Steroid Hormones: Are not stored in cells, and rate of release depends on the rate of synthesis, are nonpolar and can bind to intracellular receptors, lipid soluble
cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids, progesterone, estrogen, androgen
Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System
Grave's Disease: Hypersecretion of TH (thyroid hormones), abnormal antibodies mimic TSH, stimulating TH release. Symptoms: nervousness, weight loss, sweating, Exophthalmos (eyes protruding)
Myxedema: Hyposecretion of TH due to a lack of iodine, Symptoms: low metabolic rate, thick/dry skin, puffy eyes, constipation, chills, lethargy, Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone
( in adults): causes no problems
Pituitary Dwarfism (in children): may only reach 4 feet
Congenital Hypothyroidism: poor development of thyroid gland, may be asymptomatic or present with weak cry, poor feeding, constipation
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
Acromegaly (in adults): overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
Gigantism (in children): causing to reach great heights
Cushing's Disease: Hypersecretion of ACTH in pituitary gland and stimulates adrenal glands; depression of bone formation, inhibits inflammation, disrupts certain functions; caused by a tumor on the pituitary, or overuse of corticosteroids, Symptoms: moon face or buffalo hump,
Diabetes Insipidus: An ADH deficiency because of damage to the hypothalamus or the posterior pituitary
Addison's Disease: Hyposecretion of ACTH and damage to the adrenal cortex, deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, Symptoms: weight loss, dehydration, hypotension,
Diabetes Mellitus: Hyposecretion of Insulin (Type 1 Diabetes); 3 Cardinal Signs
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
Polyphagia: excessive eating
Lipidemia: high levels of fatty acid in blood because sugars cannot be used and fatty acid metabolism may result in ketones
Ketonuria: ketone bodies in urine
Ketonacidoses: ketones build up in blood (when untreated can cause hyperphea, disrupted heart activity, depression of nervous system)
Polyuria: huge urine output
Hypoglycemia: Hyperinsulinism, low blood glucose levels, Symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, unconciousness
Negative and Positive Feedback:
Positive Feedback: continues to increase hormones effect on target organs in order to produce a desired effect, the hormone continues to be released
Oxytocin and ADH are positive feedback mechanaisms
Negative Feedback: controls blood levels of hormones, increased hormone effect on a target organ will trigger negative feedback and inhibit any further hormone release. It is triggered by endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modulation
Neural Stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Hormonal Stimuli: hormones stimulate other endocrine organs
Humoral Stimuli: changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients
Nervous System Modulation: can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed, can modify stimulation or inhibition of endocrine glands, the nervous system overrides endocrine
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
influence metabolic activities through hormones
allow for reproduction growth and development
maintenance of electrolytes, water, and nutrient balance of blood
regulation of cellular metabolism
energy balance
mobilization of body defenses
regulate short and long term activities - stimulate glands