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Endocrine System Joseph Gonzales P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Joseph Gonzales P.5
Major endocrine organs/glands/target cells
Pancreas
Produces glucagon and insulin
glucagon
regulate blood glucose levels
triggered by fasting
insulin
stimulate a decrease in blood glucose
triggered by eating
Targets liver (glucagon), muscle, liver (insulin)
Ovary (Female)
Produces FSH
estrogen and proesterone
Targets sex organs
placenta is temporary endocrine organ during fetal development during pregnacy
secrete steroid and protein hormones supporting development and growth of fetus
Stomach
helps digestion
Testes (Male)
Produces Testosterone
Targets reproductive organs
Thymus
Produces TAI
Targets T-Cells
Kidney
helps secrete urine out of the body
secrete erythropoietin
promotes red blod cell production
secretes renin
associated with aldosterone release
Parathyroid Gland
Produces PTH
regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood
targets bones, kidney, intestine
Adrenal Gland
Produces ALD, Cortisol, Epinephine, and NonEpinephine, sex hormones
Targets Kidneys (ALD), all tissues (Cortisol), muscle & blood vessels (NE AND Epinephrine), glands (sex hormones)
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroid
mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
regulate ion concentration (sodium and potassium)
Glucocorticoids
cortisol
influence metabolism by maintain blood glucose level
maintain blood pressure
gluconeogenisis
glucose is made from fats and amino acids
Gonadocorticoids
sex hormones that is converted into testosterone
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
triggered by danger
induce high blood glucose
causes heart to beat faster when in danger
Pituitary Gland
produces MEL
targets the brain
contains a posterior and anterior lobes
posterior
neurohormones which are made by hypothalamus
releases oxytocin (childbirth, breastfeeding) and ADH (inhibits urine at times)
anterior
secretes its own hormones
secretes hormones that regulate other hormones called growth hormones
growth hormone: tissue growth and metabolize fat
stimulates thyroid gland, adrenocorticotropic (stimulates adrenal cortex), prolactin (milk production), FSH and luteinizing hormone (stimulates the ovaries and testes0
Heart
controls heart rate
secrete ANP
regulates blood volume and blood pressure
secrete BNP
response to any stretching caused by increased blood volume
Hypothalamus
Controls the activity of the pituitary gland
located in the brain
Thyroid Gland
Produces T4 & T3 hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and CT (Calcitonin)
increasing metabolism, regulates tissue growth, maintain blood pressure
Targets tissue (T3 & T4 ) and bone (CT)
Pineal Gland
produces melatonin to help us sleep in the diencephalon in the brain
Disease associated with endocrine system
Hyperthyroidism
Produces too many thyroid hormones; too much hormone (in the butterfly-shaped gland)
also called "hyperactive thyroid"
symptoms include: unexpected weight loss, rapid/irregular heartbeat
Hypothyroidism
Doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone; too little hormone
symptoms include: fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation
also called "under-active thyroid"
Dwarfism
imbalance of growth hormones meaning that an individual will be much shorter than an average human
GHD (Growth Hormone Defiency)
Addison's Disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones
symptoms include: fatigue, darkening of skin, dizziness
insufficient amounts of cortisol and aldosterone
sex hormone disease (adrenal)
Cushing Syndrome
having high cortisol levels
can be caused by the use of steroid drugs
symptoms include: fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, pink or purple stretch marks
Type 1 Diabetes
autoimmune dissroder
beta cells are destroyed; insulin productions stops
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin is produced, but is not recognized
common among people, can be handled with the right diet, exercise, etc
Hypoparathyroidism
deficiency of PTH
decrease inblood calcium
:Hyperthyroidism
excess of PTH
Increase in blood calcium
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation
Positive Feedback
increased hormone secretion is enhanced to produce even more hormones
ex: breast feeding
stimulation occurs
oxytocin produced
into the bloodstream; milk is produced
baby continues eating; cycle continues
Negative Feedback
when hormone level rises, its effects take place, and secretion is inhibited
ex: eating
stimulation begins; increasing high glucose
high glucose is detected by insulin cells in pancreas
pancreas creates insulin; takes up glucagon and store glycogen
as cells take up blood glucose, glucose in blood decrease; insulin release stops
Steroid vs Non-Steroid
Steroid
derived from cholesterol
examples: estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
they are lipid soluble; they can pass through cell membranes
receptors are found inside the target cell
steroid injection
can affect the production of steroids
inhibits the steroids since there would be too much steroid made
Non-Steroid
produced from amino acids
combine with target cell membranes
hormones are called first messengers
the chemical that responds and changes the cell is called second messengers
Signal transduction is the activity within a cell membrane when bound to the hormone
examples: amines, peptides, polypeptides and proteins, and glycoproteins
norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones oxytocin, thyrotropin releasing hormone, etc
Major Functions of Endocrine System
Interacts with the nervous system so that specific organs produce hormones
also works with nervous system to maintain homeostasis
two types of glands
Endocrine
secrete hormones into body
fluids to affect target cells
the substances it creates go directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine
secretes products into ducts,
outside the internal environment
these ducts are where substances exit the body like sweat, tears, etc.
The endocrine system uses hormones to communicate with cells which is a slow process
while the nervous system uses neurotransmitters to communicate which is a fast process