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Earthwork - Coggle Diagram
Earthwork
Implementation of earthwork
Earth excavation
Removal of soil between the topsoil and rock surface
Methods - bench cut (for platform purpose as well as exposing rock head for systematic drilling & blasting) & down hill cut (for mixing of the materials due to variations in moisture content)
Rock excavation & blasting
Removal of a formation that cannot be excavated without systematic drilling or blasting such as 300 series excavator or 25 ton type track tractor with a minimum engine power of 300HP with mounted single shank ripping unit
Solid rock - solid boulders or detached pieces of rock exceeding 1m3
Hard and weathered rock
Methods of blasting - Bench cut, small scale blasting, pre split blasting, boulder blasting & secondary blasting
Stripping top soil
Topsoil - top layer of soil that support vegetation (150mm to 1m depth)
Can be carried out together with excavation work if stockpile area is not available
Topsoil can be stockpiled for turfing, landscaping works or to support growth of vegetation to control erosion
Ripper works
Site clearing
Commonly to remove trees, shrubs, vegetation and topsoil
Existing structures likely bridges, culverts, fences, foundation
Road furniture such as signboards, traffic lights
Buildings - require acquisition approval
Existing services which are to be abandoned
Local authorities landscaping- liaison with local authorities for replanting proposal is required
Relocating street lighting
Cut sections - grasses, tree stumps and roots (within 1m below the proposed formation should be cleared) on the ground surface must be cleared together with topsoil about 300mm thick (if the topsoil is not suitable for filling)
Tall trees are cut down at their lowest position of trunks or pulled down by bulldozers
Fill section - clearing of grasses, small tree stumps, roots and topsoil are not necessary
Transportation/haul
Bulking
The volume of soil in the original ground will change when the soil is excavated and loosened or when it is filled and compacted
Shrinkage
Preparation works
Relocation of services (pipes, cables)
Procurement of materials
Calling for tender, evaluation and award
Construction work including excavation, relocation, installation, backfill, compaction and protection
Liaision with authorities
Diversion of roads and waterways and construction tracks
New roadway crosses or under the existing roads, river or streams required
Preparation surveys
Check of cross sections
Centre line stakes
Temporary benchmarks
Finishing stakes
Compaction
Definition
The process of excavating and transporting of the earth surface to be impacted at another location