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Concept Map: 07 Endocrine P:6 Viriahelyn Calvillo - Coggle…
Concept Map: 07 Endocrine
P:6 Viriahelyn Calvillo
Major Functions of the Endocrine System:
acts nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
influences metabolic activities via hormones transported in blood
responses slower but longer lasting then nervous system responses
Controls and Integrates:
reproduction
growth and development
maintenance of electrolyte,water, and nutrient balance of blood
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses
Exocrine glands:
produce non hormonal substances (saliva and sweat)
have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface
Endocrine glands:
produce hormones
lack ducts (so they have no ducts)
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glans
Hypothalamus: is a neuroendocrine gland (so it can be from the neurotransmitter or the endocrine system
some organs have both endocrine and exocrine: pancreas, gonads, and placenta
Other tissues and organs that produce hormones: adipose cells, thymus, and cells in walls of small intense, stomach, kidneys, and heart
chemical messengers: hormones- long distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph
Amino Acid based hormones
amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
water soluble
Steroids:
synthesized from cholesterol
gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
lipid soluble
Target cells: tissues with receptors for a specific hormone
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions
Pineal Gland:
small gland hanging from roof of third ventricle
secrete melatonin, derived from serotonin
Melatonin may effect:
timing of sexual maturation and puberty
day/night cycles
physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)
production of antioxidants and detoxification molecules in cells
Hypothalamus
connected to pituitary gland via stalk called infundibulum
pituitary secretes at least eight major hormones
it has two major lobes
Posterior pituitary:
composed of neural tissue that secretes nuerohormones
poerteror lobe, along with infundibulum make up the nuerohypophysis
Anterior Pituitary:
consists of glandular tissue
Pituitary gland
posterior pituitary
composed of neural tissue that secretes nuerohormones
poerteror lobe, along with infundibulum make up the nuerohypophysis
posterior lobe is neural tissue derived from a down growth of brain
Oxytocin and ADH
anterior pituitary:
consists of glandular tissue
all six hormones are peptide hormones
all but two regulate secretion of other hormones
growth hormone (GH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (topic)
luteinizing hormone (LH) (topic)
prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid Gland
butterfly shaped gland in anterior neck on trachea , just inferior to larynx and body's major metabolic hormone
found in two forms : T3(triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) and both are iodine containing amine hormones
TH affects virtually every cell in body
enters targets cell and binds to intracellular receptors within nucleus
triggers transcription of various metabolic genes
effects of thyroid hormone include:
increase basal metabolic rate and heat production
regulates tissue growth and development
maintains blood pressure
maintains blood pressure
Transport and regulation:
TH release is regulated by negative feedback
falling TH levels stimulate release of thyroids stimulating hormone
rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on TSH
TSH can also be inhibited by GHIH, dopamine, and increased levels of cortisol and iodine
Parathyroid gland
four to eight tiny yellow glands embedded in posterior aspects of thyroid
secrete parathyroid hormone or parathormone
PTH is most important hormone in CA 2+ homeostasis
secreted in response to low blood levels of CA 2+
inhibited by rising levels of CA 2+
targets organs are skeleton, kidneys, and intestine
Functions to:
stimulate osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release CA 2+ to blood
enhances re absorption of CA2+ and secretion of phosphate by kidneys
promotes activation of vitamin D by kidneys, which leads to increased absorption of CA 2+
Thymus
large in infants and children ; shrinks with age
thymulin, thymopoietins, and thymosins my be involved in normal development of T lymphocytes in immune response
Adrenal gland
paired, pyramid-shape organs atop kidneys
structurally and functionally it is two glands in one
adrenal cortex:
three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete several different hormones
adrenal medulla:
nervous tissue that is part of sympathetic nervous system
Gonads (Ovary- female)(Testis-male)
produce sex hormones steroid sex hormones as those of adrenal cortex, just lesser amounts
Ovaries: produce estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen:
maturation of reproductive organs
appearance if secondary sexual characteristics
with progesterone, causes breasts development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
Testes produce testosterone
initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
causes appearances of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
necessary for normal sperm production
maintains reproductive organs in functional state
Placenta: secretes estrogen , progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Homeostasis mechanisms of hormone regulation
blood levels of hormones are controlled by negative feedback, levels vary only within narrow; desirable range Hormone release is triggered by:
Endocrine Gland Stimuli: stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to one three stimuli:
Humoral Stimuli:
changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients
Neural Stimuli:
nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Hormonal Stimuli:
hormones stimulate other endocrine organs
Nervous system modulation: nervous system can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed
positive feedback would allow the hormone to keep producing and producing
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non steroid hormones and list the hormones for each category
Steroid Hormones:
fat soluble hormones made of lipids, which can diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and don't need the receptor on the cell membrane
Sex hormones, progesterone, estrone, cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone, aldosterone, mineralocoticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocoticoids, dhea, epinephrine, reperphrine
Non-steroid hormones
hromone made of amino acids; cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells, binds to a receptor on the cell membrane.
glucagon, insulin, prolacten, acth, T3, T4, thyroid hormones, pathryoid, hormones, melatonin
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Diabetes Insipidus: ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Gigantism: hyper secretion of GH caused ny anterior pituitary lumer, in adults Acromegaly is caused overgrowth hands feet and face
Pituitary Dwarfism: hyposecretion of GH
Myxedma: hypo secretion of Th, which can include a low metabolic rate, thick or/and dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling, chilled, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness
Grave's disease: hyper secretion of TH, autoimmune disease in which body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicle cells
Cushings disease/ syndrome: hyper secretion : depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
Addison's disease: invloves deficit in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels
-weight loss, severe hydration, and hypotension are common