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Urban issues (Year 10 exam) - Coggle Diagram
Urban issues (Year 10 exam)
Urbanisation
Causes
Rural - Urban migration
Push factors- reasons which force an individual to migrate
Poverty
Infertile land (desertification)
Persicution
Natural disasters (Areas destroyed- start new life)
Pull factors- reasons which attract individuals to migrate
Better employment- higher paying jobs or a better job security
Better Quality Of Life- better access to healthcare and clean water
Better education (state schools)
To join with family and friends
Natural increase- higher birth rate then death rate = higher/younger population - young people want to start a better more affluent life in a city.
Trends
HICs - Low rates of urbanisation since country has already developed - people are migrating to rural locations rather than urban / The population is gradually increasing but not rapidly to warrant mass urbanisation (UK)
NEEs - Rapid urbanisation since the countries cities are becoming richer and more affluent and promising places to be - people are migrating from rural areas for promise of better jobs and lifestyles (China)
LICs - High rates of urbanisation since citizens are looking to find a living and employment - people migrate from rural areas to urban cities / high population increase due to high death rate warranting large families. (Nigeria)
Urban Growth- city size increase
Oppotunities
Social
Better healthcare, education, social services
Better Quality of Life
Better access to amenities (Lagos uses 40% of Nigeria's electricity)
Economic
Better paid Jobs- film, social services, construction
More stable economy
Less unemployment
Bi-Problems
Poverty in some areas
People unable to get into education (Rio - 50% drop out after age 14)
People unable to access social services
People unable to gain jobs
E.g Favelas
Illegal housing (dangerous for inhabitants)
Electricity hotwired (dangerous)
No clean water (Rio- 12% of pop without)
High crime rates (Gang run areas e.g Rio- Red command)
LIttle police protection (illegal so not under state ownership)
Pollution
Air- Emissions (Rio- 5,000 deaths per year)
Water- Poor waste management (diseases spread easily e.g colera)
Urban regeneration
Causes
Urban sprawl- Cities pops grow too rapidly so suburban areas surrounding and commuter settlements become part of the city
Unplanned growth
Abolishes rural-urban fringe
Meet Demand- more people more opportunities for development businesses
Areas of poverty need to be redeveloped to attract tourists and people to settle in the city.
Aims
Rebuild areas of poverty to reduce crime, unemployment and boost local economy - (E.g Anfield- £1 street)
Better healthcare and social services in areas
Invest in new business to better economy
Reintroduce wildlife and nature into urban environments
Types
Greenfield- building on fields or farmland (undeveloped)- typically because of urban sprawl
Brownfield- building on predeveloped sites e.g perelli factor in Southampton --------> West Quay
Sustainable transport in Urban areas
Solutions
Promotion and improvement of public transport
Solent Go! - Provides a easy to use card to get around Southampton and Portsmouth allowing tourists and commuters to more conveniently use greener public transport
Hydrogen Buses in Bristol- Decrease emissions
London Underground- Takes congestion away from the streets of London and provides a fast alternative form of transport
Traffic Flow management
Ring roads and Bypasses - Reduces Traffic in city centre for commuters
Congestion charges- reduce emissions by deterring commuters from using highly polluting modes of transport
Bus priority lanes to make public transport more appealing (reducing number of cars)
Causes for change
Congestion- Areas of high traffic can effect a cities productivity and increase emissions
Unemployment- Jobs created from public transport
Healthcare- increased emissions = air pollution leading to a lower life expectancy e.g 77 in Millbrook Vs 81 in Basset