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EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - we can study convergence in outcomes-places where organisms have independently arrived at similar solutions to similar problems
    - - we can look at patterns in evolutionary dynamics over time
- - - - puffins
      - murres
      - auklets
      - great auk
    - - penguinnis impennis
        
        flightless
        
        once inhabited islands in north atlantic
  - - - remarkably similar
        
        l0ng teardrop shaped bodies
        
        short
        
        webbed feet
        
        paddle like wings
        
        can't fly
        
        black and white colour pattern
      - remarkable convergence
        
        both purusue prey underwater
  - - - evolution can't turn a shark into a mammal or vice versa
  - - - vertebrate
      - squid
      - spider
    - - gnathostome
      - insect
      - worm
- - - - 2 BYA
      - larger
      - more complicated
      - complex structure
        
        nucleus w dna
        
        mitochondria to respire
        
        chloroplasts to photosynthesize
        
        endoplasmic reticulum
        
        complex cytoskeleton
        
        sometimes external mineral skeleton (glass or chalk)
      - exploit a wide range of niches
        
        primary producers
        
        predators and scavengers
        
        decomposers
        
        parasites
    - - algae
      - amoebae
      - fungi
      - animals
    - - weird fronds things (ediacarans)
      - simple burrows indicate worm-like animals (primitive bilateral)
      - comparable in organisation to nematodes
        
        mouth
        
        gut
        
        nerves
        
        muscles
        
        gonads
  - - - eyes
      - legs
      - fins
      - jaws
      - brains
      - larger (+2m)
      - new modes of life
        
        predation
        
        filter feeding
      - new modes of locomotion
        
        burrowing
        
        crawling
        
        swimming
  - - - life happened quickly - life is a highly probable event?
      - planets where life takes a long time to appear - intelligent species not caught up yet - not enough time
    - - `1.5BY for eukaryotes to appear (multicellular even later)
      - worm like organisms ~600mya
      - complex animals >540 MY
      - modern humans ~300,000
      - did evolution need a long time? or were specific conditions needed that didnt occur for a while?
  - - - random evolution? nowhere to go but up?
      - studies of fossils hint otherwise?
        
        animals get big more often than they become small
      - large stuff is ecologically dominant
        
        more biomass in forests, plants, fungi, animals than microbes
    - - complexity increases through evolution
      - probably driven by DIVISION OF LABOUR
        
        primitive arthropods - each limb serves many functions poorly
        
        advanced arthropods - specialisation of different limbs to different functions makes them better at their jobs
      - similar to economical patterns
      - also seen at the cellular level
        
        increase in number of cell types
      - behavioural complexity
        
        intelligence
        
        brain size changed dramatically in the bast 66MY (increased averagely across animals)
        
        multiple acquisitions of intelligence
        
        primates
        
        elephants
        
        whales & dolphins
        
        carnivores
    - - innovation and specialisation increase diversity
      - if species occupy a fixed number of niches, evolution of new species should drive an equal number of old ones extinct
      - specialisation for life on land opened new niches & allowed new species to evolve without driving out old ones
      - if species occupy a fixed number of niches, evolution of new species should drive an equal number of old ones extinct