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More Shit I Don't Know About Unit - Coggle Diagram
More Shit I Don't Know About Unit
Prostate gland and seminal vesicles maintain mobility and viability of sperm
Menstrual Cycle
Ovulation: is the release of an egg from a follicle in the ovary.
Luteal Phase: - follicle into corpus luteum progesterone - progesterone development and vascularisation endometrium, implantation - negative feedback ovarian hormones by pituitary and secretion FSH and LH prevent follicles developing - lack of LH degeneration corpus luteum drop progesterone - menstruation
Follicular Phase: - Oestrogen low negative feedback, pituitary FSH. - FSH development follicle oestrogen. - Oestrogen proliferation endometrium, implantation. - Cervical mucus thin and watery. - Peak oestrogen surge in LH, ovulation.
If fertilisation does not occur, corpus luteum does not degenerate and progesterone levels remain high
Hormonal control of puberty and sperm production in male
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
ICSH stimulates testosterone production in seminiferous tubules
Pituitary releases FSH & ICSH, which target the testes
Testosterone stimulates sperm production
Hypothalamus produces releaser hormone
Sperm are produced from germline cells by meiosis
Testosterone activates prostate gland and seminal vesicles
Secretions maintain mobility and viability of sperm
High levels of testosterone inhibit FSH & ICSH production
Infertility treatments
Artificial insemination: samples of semen from low sperm count
ICSI: defective or low sperm count - head of sperm in needle & directly into egg
Stimulating Ovulation - drugs prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH. Others can mimic FSH & LH action and cause superovulation
IVF: Gametes mixed in culture dish, incubated then implanted
Contraceptive Pills
Mini-pill / progesterone only pill: causes thickening of cervical mucus
Morning-after pill: prevents ovulation or implantation
Oral contraceptive pill: contains synthetic progesterone & oestrogen that mimics negative feedback effect preventing release of FSH &LH
Dating scan at 8-14 weeks and anomaly scan at 18-20 weeks
Exchange of Materials
CO2 & other metabolic watses diffuse out of the cells into wastes the tissue fluid to be excreted
90% of tissue fluid returns to the blood
Tissue fluid supplies cells with glucose, oxygen and other substances
Lymphatic vessels absorb excess tissue fluid and return it as lymph to the circulatory system
Pressure filtration causes plasma to pass through capillary walls into tissue fluid surrounding the cells
Tissue fluid and blood plasma are similar in composition, with the exception of plasma proteins, which are too large to fit through the capillary walls
Tissue fluid & plasma have a similar composition, with the exception of plasma proteins which are too large to fit through capillary walls
Diastole, atrial systole & ventricular systole:
Diastole - blood returns to atria & in ventricles
Atrial systole - remainder of blood through AV valves to ventricles
In diastole higher pressure in arteries shuts SL valves
Ventricular systole - AV valves shut & blood is pumped through SL valves to aorta & pulmonary artery
Conducting System of the Heart:
Auto-rhythmic cells of the SAN sets the rate at which the heart contracts
Wave of excitation across atria causing atrial systole
This is followed by diastole
Impulses stimulate AVN, which is found at the base of the atria
Impulses from AVN spread through ventricles causing ventricular systole
Nervous Control of Cardiac Cycle
Medulla regulates the SAN
Sympathetic - increases - noradrenaline
Autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic - decreases - acetlycholine
Sympathetic and parasympathetic are antagonistic to each other
Atherosclerosis - plaque beneath endothelium - artery thickens & loses elasticity - lumen reduced & increased pressure
Thrombosis - atheroma rapture - clotting factors - prothrombin to thrombin - thrombin causes fibrinogen to form threads of fibrin - fibrin threads form a meshwork that clots blood - thrombus may break loseforming an amblus which travels in bloodstream until it blocks a blood vessel
Cholesterol:
Synthesised by all cells but 25% in the liver
Used to make sex hormones
A type of lipid found in cell membrane
Diet in high saturated fats increases cholesterol in body
HDL transport excess cholesterol from body cells to liver for elimination - prevents acculumlation
LDL transports cholesterol to body cells
Most cells have LDL receptors that take LDL into cell to release cholesterol
Once cell has enough cholesterol negative feedback inhibits synthesis of LDL receptors & LDL circulates in blood where it may deposit cholesterol into arteries forming atheromas
Higher ratio of HDL to LDL lowers chances of atherosclerosis
Regular exercise increases HDL, dietary changes to replace saturated with unsaturated fats & statins reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting synthesis of cholesterol in liver
PVD:
Narrowing of the arteries due to atheroscelrosis other than in the brain or heart
Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot in a deep vein - commonly the leg. Can break off & result in a pulmonary embolism in the lungs
Pain due to limited supply of oxygen