Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC, Working Principle, Efficiency, Here I am gonna discuss…

- - - - PV panels provide clean energy & is environmentally friendly. During electricity generation with PV panels, no harmful greenhouse gas emissions.
      - Solar energy is energy supplied by nature, it is free and abundant!
      - Operating and maintenance costs for PV panels are considered to be low, almost negligible, compared to costs of other renewable energy systems
      - Solar energy is especially appropriate for smart energy networks with distributed power generation – DPG is indeed the next generation power network structure!
      - PV panels are very silent, producing no noise at all; Perfect solution for urban areas and for residential applications
      - PV panels have no mechanically moving parts, except in cases of sun-tracking mechanical bases; consequently they have far less breakages or require less maintenance than other renewable energy systems
      - Solar panels cost is on a fast reducing track and is expected to continue reducing for the next years – solar PV panels has indeed a highly promising future both for economical viability and environmental sustainability.
  - - - Solar energy has intermittency issues; not shining at night but also during daytime there may be cloudy or rainy weather.
      - Solar energy panels require additional equipment (inverters) to convert direct electricity (DC) to alternating electricity (AC) in order to be used on the power network.
      - For a continuous supply of electric power, especially for on-grid connections, PV panels require not only Inverters but also storage batteries; hence will considerably increase the investment cost for PV panels
      - Fragile and easily be damaged
- - - - This ratio model is shown to be able to fit the intermediate phase (9 am to 4 pm) very well but not accurate for the growth and decay phases where the system efficiency is near zero.
      - However, it can still serve as a useful purpose for practitioners as most PV systems work in the most efficient manner over this period.
        
        It is shown that the maximum monthly average minutely efficiency varies over a small range of 10.81% to 12.63% in different months with slightly higher efficiency in winter months.
        
        The maximum monthly average minutely efficiency varies 10.81–12.63%.
        
        The average efficiency tends to be slightly higher in winter months.
- - - - He noted that the cell produced more electricity when it was exposed to light during experimenting with a cell made of metal electrodes in a conducting solution.
      - Later in 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium could function as a photoconductor.
        
        Just 3 years later, in 1876 William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day applied the photovoltaic principle discovered by Becquerel to selenium.
        
        Almost 50 years after the photovoltaic effect’s discovery, in 1883, American inventor Charles Fritz created the first working selenium solar cell.Though we use silicon in cells for modern solar panels, this solar cell was a major precursor to the technology used today.
        
        Albert Einstein had a role to play in bringing the world’s attention to solar energy and its potential. In 1905, Einstein published a paper on the photoelectric effect and how light carries energy.4 This generated more attention and acceptance for solar power on a broader scale.
        
        In 1941, the first solar cell is inverted. Scientists now know that collecting solar energy on a large scale is a real possibility.
        
        In 1950s and 1960s, Solar panels powered space exploration
        
        The big leap toward the solar cells like the ones used in panels today came from the work of Bell Labs in 1954. Three scientists there, Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson, created a more practical solar cell using silicon.
        
        In 1979, Late US Presidents Jimmy Carter installed 32 solar panels on the White House to heat water.
        
        In 2006, The Solar Investment Tax (ITC) encourages US solar industry to increase by more than 10,000 %. Unfortunately, the ITC will start to decrease after 2019.
        
        In 2016, US hit 1 million solar installations. It took 40 years to reach this milestone, but it eclipsed 2 million solar installations just 3 years later.
- - - - Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels
        
        A photovoltaic (PV) panel, also known as a module, is a unit consisting of special cells that generate an electric current in sunlight that are linked together. When the sun shines over the cells, an electric field is created. The stronger the sun, the more electric energy is produced. Nevertheless, the cells do not need direct sunlight to work, and they can still produce electricity on a cloudy day.
        
        The Inverter
        
        The inverter converts the direct current (DC) output into alternating current (AC). The power from the array, converted by the inverter, is then connected via isolators – one on the DC (PV module) side and another on the AC side - into the consumer unit via an MCB (miniature circuit breaker).
        
        Generation Meter
        
        The generation meter is where you will be able to monitor what your system is generating. The meter will have a flashing red light when your system is generating, the brighter the day the faster the flashes will be.
        
        Export Limiters
        
        During times of non-consumption of electricity generated there will be a supply of excess electricity. This is usually exported back to the grid. However, on some occasions this export will not be accepted by your District Network Operator. In these cases, an export limiter must be installed. The export limiter caps or completely stops this exportation. The export limiter is fitted next to your consumer unit.
        
        Energy Monitoring
        
        1 more item...
      - When light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers causing electricity to flow. The greater the intensity of the light, the greater the flow of electricity
        
        Solar PV systems use cells to convert sunlight into electricity. The PV cell consists of one or two layers of a semi conducting material, usually silicon