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Ginkgo biloba L, High demand but limited supply of GBE, Maidenhair tree,…

- - - - Adulteration using manufactured substances
        
        Substitution using exhausted drugs
        
        Substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
        
        Substitution using inferior commercial varieties
        
        Adulteration of powders
        
        Addition of synthetic principles
        
        Addition of toxic materials
        
        Adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
      - Trigger 2: the ratio of quercetin to (kaempferol & isohamnetin is higher than the standardized ratio
    - - Improper preparation / inadequate heating or roasting
        
        Heat treatment is believed to inactivate the MPN
        
        Lack of knowledge about the plant and careless collection
        
        Unintentionally mix the GB leaves with the Ginkgo seed
    - - Confusion of names
      - Lack of knowledge about the authentic plants
      - Non availability of authentic plants
      - Ginkgo seed poisoning
        
        Due to 4'-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN).
        
        Chemical structure similarity of MPN and vitamin B6 result in its interferences of biosynthesis, metabolism and function.
        
        MPN competitively inhibits the action of vitamin B6 via the inhibition of pyridoxal kinase as well as inhibition of GABA production by inhibiting glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
        
        Result in NEUROTOXICITY.
        
        MPN is also found in GB leaves and in fruit pulp of GB. However, ginkgo leaves contain only a small amount of MPN that maybe insufficient to exert harmful effects.
        
        TRIGGER 1: ADULTERATED WITH GINKGO SEED
      - Similarity in morphology
      - Careless collection and improper preparation
        
        Collection of drug outside from harvesting season will result in different concentration of chemical constituents while improper preparation is due to use of undesired part of the plants.
    - - Effects of MPN
        
        Vomiting
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Irritability
        
        Seizures
        
        Convulsions
        
        Generalized convulsions
        
        Afebrile convulsions
        
        Reduce blood vitamin b6 level
      - Effects of quercertin
        
        It is not considered as safety concerns
        
        HOWEVER
        
        Not phyto equivalent with standard clinically tested gingko products
        
        Low quality gingko extracts
    - - Pharmaceutical industry - contract manufacturers, independent analytical laboratories, and manufacturers with internal analytical capabilities need to take the lead in preventing adulterated ginkgo biloba
        
        Perform analysis test for detection of adulteration and to check the quality and purity of drug (QC)
        
        Impact for detection
        of adulteration
        
        Avoid adulterated drug from being marketed
        
        Identify specific adulterants mixed in the adulterated drug
        
        Differentiate between pure drug and adulterated drug
        
        Monitor and measure the adulterants used in drug
        
        Avoid lethal accidents due to toxicity or lack of efficacy of adulterated drug
        
        Maintain the quality and purity of the marketed drug
        
        HPLC
        
        Extracts of ginkgo in bulk or finished products can be analyzed by HPLC with UV, MS or ELSD
        
        The total flavonol content is generally measured after hydrolysis, greatly simplifying the analysis to the quantification of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin
        
        Fast, precise, and simple
        
        Mass spectrometry
        
        LC-MS was used together with HPLC to analyze the total flavanoids in ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE),
        
        To ensure the contents of the finished products are in 24/6, where it consist of 24% of flavanol glycoside and 6% of terpene lactone