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Andy Rico P.6 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Endocrine System
Major functions of the endocrine system
The endocrine system is made out of glands that will secrete a substance that will help the body keep homeostasis. The major functions of the endocrine system are to control and regulate:
Maintains the amount of electrolytes, water and the nutrients balance in the blood.
Regulates cell metabolism and energy balance
Growth and development
Mobilizes body defenses ( By helping and improving the immune system)
Reproduction
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
The endocrine glands and organs are found in different parts of the body.
Axial
Head
Cranial
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Trunk
Thymus: It is located in the top part of the chest, between the lungs and under the breast bone
Abdominal
Adrenal Glands: Located above the kidneys
Pancreas: Located posterior to the stomach but anterior to the spinal cord
Clavicle
Thyroid: In front of the trachea, bellow the larynx
Parathyroid: Posterior to the Thyroid
Pelvic region (genitalia)
Testis
Ovaries
Include the hormones produced, their functions and their target organs
Pancreas
Glucagon
Target organs: Liver
Function
Increases the bodies blood sugar
Insulin
Target Organs: Liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
Function:
Decreases the Blood sugar levels
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Target Organs: Skeleton and Kidney
Function:
Raises the calcium in the blood
Pituitary Gland (master gland)
Anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Target organs: Adrenal Cortex
Functions
Stimulates the adrenal gland for it to secrete cortisol
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target organs: Ovaries, Testes
Functions
Stimulates the production of eggs and sperms
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target organs: Thyroid gland
Functions
Stimulate the thyroid to secrete its hormones
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Target organs: Ovaries, Testes
Functions
Triggers ovulation
stimulates the production of testosterone
Growth Hormone(GH)
Target organs
All tissue
Functions
Cell repair
Lengthening of bones
Growth of muscle
Prolactin (PRL)
Target organs: Mammary glands
Functions
Stimulates milk production
Posterior pituitary
Oxycontin
Target Organ: Uterine smooth muscle and mamary glands
Function
Hormonal trigger for milk ejection
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Antidiuretic (ADH)
Target Organs: Kidneys tubes
Functions:
Reabsorbs water
Prevents the formation of urine
Thymus
Thymosin
Target Organs: Part of the immune system (Lymph nodes)
Function:
Helps with immune responses
Pineal gland
Hormone: Melatonin (MEL)
Target organ: Brain
Function:
Regulates: Body temperature, sleep, appetite
Production of antioxidants and detoxification in cells
Day/Night cycle
Timing of sexual maturity
Testes
Testosteron
Functions
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
Normal sperm production
Maintains reproductive organs in function state
Target Organs: Reproductive Organs
Ovaries
Estrogen
Target Organ: Uterus, ovary, breast, bone marrow and brain
Function
Maturation of reproductive organs
Appearance of second sexual characteristics
With progesterone causes breast development and cycle changes in uterus mucus
Adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Target organ Heart, Lungs, muscle
Function
Increases blood pressure
Increases heart rate
Vasoconstriction
Norepinephrine
Target Organ
Muslce and Blood vessels
Function
Influence in peripheral vasoconstriction
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Hormone: Aldosteron
Target organ: Kidneys
Function
Increases the amount of Sodium (Na+) in the blood stream
Glucocorticoids
Hormone: Cortisol
Target Organs: All tissues
Function
Decreases inflammation
Increases the breakdown of blood glucose and fat
Hypothalamus
Function:
The hypothalamus will secret multiple releasing factors
Target Organ: Pituitary Gland
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Similarities
They are both produced by glands part of the endocrine system
They both help keep homeostasis
They are both chemical messengers
They both bond to target cells
Differences
Steroids are synthesized by cholesterol
Steroids are lipid soluble
Non-steroid hormones are water soluble
Non-steroids hormones bind to the receptor outside of the target cells
Steroids bind to intracellular receptor inside the target cell
Non-steroid hormones are based on amino acids, peptides and protein
Steroids Examples:
Testosteron
Estrogen
Cortisol
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
Progesterone
Non-steroid hormone example:
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Oxycontin
Antidiuretic (ADH)
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
The levels of hormones in the blood are regulated through 2 mechanisms
Negative Feedback
In negative feedback, the effects of a hormone will be contracted with either another hormone that can inhibit the release of the hormone.
Positive feedback
In a positive feedback, the effects of the hormone will be increased by releasing even more hormones
Hormone release triggers
Nervous system modulation
The nervous system works with endocrine system. Meaning that the nervous system can make adjustments to the hormone levels if needed. The hormone level can be modified by stimulating or inhibiting the endocrine gland. The nervous system has the power to override the normal control of the endocrine system
Endocrine gland stimuli
The endocrine glands receive there stimulus and began to synthesize the release of the hormone due to 3 main stimulus
Neural stimuli
The nerve fibers will stimulate the hormone release
Hormonal stimuli
Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs
Humoral stimuli
It changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Because the endocrine system is made out of multiple organs and glands there are instances in which one of the glands or organs can produce too much or too little of a hormone and cause an imbalance in the body leading to disease.
Diabetes Insipid
Diabetes insipid is caused to the deficiency in ADH. The deficiency in the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is caused by damage to either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland. In order to avoid the diseases one must be well hydrate.
Growth Hormone diseases
Hypersecretion (Too much of this hormone)
In children
In children, too much secretion of the Growth hormone can cause gigantism, were the person starts to increase in heign beyond standard limits, the person can reach up to 8 ft in height
In adults
In adults, the excess production of the Growth Hormone can cause the disease known as acromegaly. This disease causes the overgrowth of hand, feet and faces
Hyposecretion (To little of this hormone)
In children
In children, if the body were to produce too little growth hormone, this causes the disease of pituitary dwarfism, this disease stunt teh growth of the person in which there heign will only be of 4ft
In Adults
In adults, there is no recorder problem being caused due to deficiency of growth hormone as an adult has already been through the normal process of growth they are required.
Thyroid gland disease
Hyposecretion (To little of this hormone)
In adults the hyposecretion of the hormones produced by the thyroid ( hormones T3 and T4) can cause the disease known as myxedema.
Symptoms: Low metabolic rate, development of thick or dry skin, puffy eyes, the feeling of chills, constipation, edema, mental confusion, and lethargy. Another symptom can be the appearance of a goiter, caused due to the lack of iodine
Causes: The causes for a hyporsecreting thyroid can be caused due to the thyroids poor development. This means that the thyroid would not be able be stimulated by the TSH hormone therefore not secreting any of its own. Hyposecretion of the thyroid can also be caused by a pituitary problem or maternal medication which can affect the development of the baby, however this is rare.
Treatment: TH Hormone replacement is crucial
Hypersecretion (Too much of this hormone)
When the body has a hyperactive thyroid, meaning that is producing too much T3 and T4 hormones , this causes what is known as Graves disease
Graves Disease: It is a autoimmune disease that will produce abnormal antibodies that mimic the hormone TSH, these antibodies will start to attack the thyroid and because they mimic TSH it will stimulate the thyroid and the production of its hormones.
Symptoms: Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, weight loss and Exophthalmos (the bulging out of the eyes)
Treatment: Surgical removal of thyroid or radioactive iodine to destroy active thyroid cells
Adrenal Cortex disease
Hyposecretion (To little of this hormone)
When the body does not produce enough glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The disease is known as Addison's disease
Symptoms: Decrease in plasma and glucose and Na+ levels, weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension is common
Treatment: corticosteroid replacement therapy
Early signs: Bronzing of the skin, this is caused due to high levels of ACTH which can trigger melanin production in melanocytes cells
Hypersecretion (Too much of this hormone)
When the body produces too much of the hormone cortisol, the person can get what is known as Cushing disease/ disorder
Symptoms: there is depressed cartilage or bone formation and the immune system. It inhibits inflammation and disrupts cardiovascular and gastrointestinal function. Cushingoid also are seen as moon face" or buffalo hump
Treatment: Removal of a tumor or discontinuation of the drug
Causes: Cushing is caused due to a tumor in the pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, or the adrenal cortex. It can also be caused by the overused by corticosteroids
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Cause:
Hypoactivity of insulin- Type 2
Hyposecretion of insulin- Type 1
Symptoms:
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst, due to the lost of water because of polyuria
Polyphagia: Hunger and food consumption
Polyuria: The person will urinate more
Formation of ketones, these ketones are acidic this can cause ketoacidosis
Hyperinsulinism
It is caused by too much insulin in the body. This can also lead to hypoglycemia as there will be low blood sugar levels
Symptoms: Anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness and it can even lead to death.
Treatment: Sugar ingestion