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GINKGO BILOBA 010008500_1598439839-leaves-5258930_1920, PBL614 GROUP 2 …
GINKGO BILOBA
Trigger 2
Method of Analysis
Test for Identification
Flavonoids
TLC Identification Test
HPLC
Acceptance Criteria:
The ratio of kaempferol peak to the quercetin peak is NLT 0.7. The peak for isorhamnetin is NLT 0.1 times the size of the quercetin peak
Test for Composition
Content of Flavonol Glycosides
This test use Utraviolet detection (UV) at 370 nm
Acceptance Criteria
22%-27% of flavonoids, calculated as flavonol glycosides with a mean molecular mass of 756.7 on dried basis
Content of Terpene Lactone
This test uses evaporative light scattering
Acceptance criteria
The total terpene lactone is 5.4% - 12%.
Standardized extract of
Ginkgo biloba
Flavanoids (24%)
Major flavanoids
Quercetin-3-
B
-D-glucoside
Quercitrin
Rutin
Minor flavanoids
Quercetin
Kaempferol
Isohamnetin
Terpenoids (6%)
Ginkgolide A
Ginkgolide B
Ginkgolide C
Bilobalide
Ginkgotoxin
Ginkgolic acids (<5%)
Reasoning for calculation of quercetin / (kaempferol + isorhamnetin) ratio
Quercetin, Kaempferol and Isorhamnetin are the predominant flavonoids in ginkgo leaves
Prone to be adulterated by materials / plants rich in these flavonols
Hydrolysis reaction can reduce the signs of adulteration
PREVENTION
Unhydrolyzed extract
Additional Test by: USP monograph for Powdered Ginkgo Extract
Limit of Rutin: 4%
Limit of Quercetin: 0.5%
After Hydrolysis
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia
monograph lists the typical ratio of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in ginkgo leaf extracts
The listed ratio are:
1 more item...
USP
adopted criteria in 2012
Peak Ratio of kaempferol to quercetin (not less than 0.7)
Peak Ratio of isorhamnetin to quercetin (not less than 0.1)
Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba
Intentional adulteration (Gafner, 2018)
Why?
Complex to manufacture
The extract is expensive
Performed by full replacement of ginkgo biloba with other plant species (Gafner, 2018)
By adding pure flavanols or flavanol glycoside
Rutin
Quercetin
Kaempferol
Extract from other plant species
Styphnolobium japonicum
(L.) Schott
2.
Fagopyrum esculentum
Moench, Polygonacae
Rich in flavanoid glycoside
Trigger 1
What is
Ginkgo biloba
and its origin?
Taxonomy
Kingdom – Plantae Division - Ginkgophyta
Class – Ginkgoopsida
Order – Ginkgoales Family – Ginkgoaceae
Genus – Ginkgo
Species - G. Biloba
(Shoheb, 2021)
The ginkgo tree is a species of tree native to China which are widely used for medicinal, one of which is as a supplement to brain booster
Ginkgo is derived from the Chinese and Japanese name for the plant, meaning "silver apricot," or "silver fruit,"
Chemical composition of
Ginkgo biloba
leaf
lavonol and flavone glycosides, lactone derivatives (ginkgolides), bilobalide, ascorbic acid, catechin, iron-based superoxide, 6-hydroxykinuretic acid, protocatechuic acid, shikimic acid, sterols and vanilic acid. (Shoheb, 2021)
Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba leaf supplement with Ginkgo seed
MPN
4'-O-methylpyridoxine
(ginkgotoxin)
is a member of pyridines
C9H13NO3
Occurring in the seeds (main source of ginkgotoxin) and leaves of Ginkgo biloba
Is a neurotoxic compound that causes severe neuronal disorders in mammals after ingestion (Kästner et al., 2007)
Vitamin B6 derivatives with an antivitamin character - cause symptoms of B6 deficiency in mammals (Fiehe et al., 2000)
MPN showed strong toxicity to nerve cells, gastric mucosal
epithelial cells, and small intestinal epithelial cells (Zhu et al., 2021)
Symptoms of ginkgotoxin poisoning called ‘gin-nan sitotoxism’
Eg: epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs and loss of consciousness (Kästner et al., 2007)
It inhibits pyridoxal kinase, the enzyme that converts pyridoxine into its active form, pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP)
This effect that can be reversed by PLP or GABA
Treatment strategy of ginkgotoxin induced seizures: antiepileptic drug medication or pyridoxine supplementation for support of GABA synthesis (Jang et al, 2015)
(4’-Methoxypyridoxine)
Which part is used for supplement for brain booster?
Ginkgo
leaf
Pharmacology
Ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide could improved the memory.
Inhibit monoamine oxidase A and B, as well as catechol-O-methyl transferase which increases the amount of alpha-adreno receptors in the brain. (Andrea, 2002)
Adverse effect or toxicity of
Ginkgo biloba
The leaf
Risk of bruising and
spontaneous bleeding
Interaction of ginkgolide B with platelet-activating factor and collagen (Kudolo et al., 2002)
Decreased platelet aggregation
Stomach upset, headache, dizziness, and allergic skin reactions
The seed
Due to ginkgotoxin (4-O-methylpyridoxine)
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and confusion
Seizures or convulsion
How?
MPN interferes with metabolism, function and biosynthesis of vitamin B6 which is a coenzyme of glutamate decarboxylase that responsible for GABA synthesis (Jang et al. 2015)
Inhibit synthesis of GABA causing abnormalities in central nervous system (Kosaki et al. 2020)
REFERENCES
Andrea, P. (2002). Ginkgo Biloba and Memory.
https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/pharmacy/sepoct02/ginkgo.html
Fiehe, K., Arenz, A., Drewke, C., Hemscheidt, T., Williamson, R. T., & Leistner, E. (2000). Biosynthesis of 4′-O-Methylpyridoxine (Ginkgotoxin) from Primary Precursors †.
https://doi.org/10.1021/np990414
Gafner, S. (2018, January N.A). Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract. Retrieved from Botanical Adulterants Bulletin:
https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/botanical-adulterants-bulletin.pdf
Jang, Hyun-soon, Sook Young Roh, Eun Hye Jeong, Byung-Su Kim, and Mun Kyung Sunwoo. 2015. “Ginkgotoxin Induced Seizure Caused by Vitamin B6 Deficiency.” Journal of Epilepsy Research 5(2):104. doi: 10.14581/JER.15018.
Kästner, U., Hallmen, C., Wiese, M., Leistner, E., & Drewke, C. (2007). The human pyridoxal kinase, a plausible target for ginkgotoxin from Ginkgo biloba. The FEBS Journal, 274(4), 1036–1045.
https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1742-4658.2007.05654.X
Kosaki, Yoshinori, Hiromichi Naito, Tsuyoshi Nojima, and Atsunori Nakao. 2020. “Epileptic Seizure from Ginkgo Nut Intoxication in an Adult.” Case Reports in Emergency Medicine 2020:1–2. doi: 10.1155/2020/5072954.
Kudolo, G. B., Dorsey, S., & Blodgett, J. (2002). Effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation and urinary prostanoid excretion in healthy and Type 2 diabetic subjects. Thrombosis Research, 108(2–3), 151–160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(02)00394-8
Shoheb, shaikh. (2021). Medicinal properties of ginkgo biloba.
https://www.ijpca.org/html-article/15050
The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. (2011, November 1). Powdered Ginkgo Extract. Retrieved from Revision Bulletin (Ginkgo):
https://www.uspnf.com/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/revisions/m34982-powdered_ginkgo_extract.pdf
Zhu, J. P., Gong, H., Wu, C. E., Fan, G. J., Li, T. T., & Wang, J. H. (2021). 4′-O-methylpyridoxine: Preparation from Ginkgo biloba Seeds and Cytotoxicity in GES-1 Cells. Toxins, 13(2), 95.
https://doi.org/10.3390/TOXINS13020095
Сулейманова. (2019). Ginkgo biloba - IARC MONOGRAPHS. Аграрная Россия, 6–II,
105–107.
PBL614 GROUP 2
1.Annisa Nurlaila Sari (2021204544)
Nurul Shafiqah Binti Mohamad Nasir
Nurleeyana Ann binti Ong (2019462106)
Nurul Liyana Syamimi binti Zakaria (2019810206)
Nurul Asyikin binti Mohd Jaferi (2019482092)
