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LU 4: Sensation and Perception - Coggle Diagram
LU 4: Sensation and Perception
Vision
the detection of light
the structure of the eye
pupil, iris, eyeball, cornea, lens, the vitreous humor, retina
common disorder
presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia, glaucoma, cataracts
visual receptors
retina
rods
cones
dark adaptation
exposure to light chemically alters
retinaldehyde
molecules
the visual pathway
bipolar cells--synaptic contact--optic chiasm--enter occipital lobe via thalamus--information integrated in visual cortex--each cortical cells receives input from both retinas.
Color Vision
types of cones
short wavelengths(blue)
medium wavelengths (green)
long wavelengths (red)
Trichromatic theory
light stimulates medium and long wavelengths equally perceived as yellow
lights excites all three types equally perceived as white
Opponent- Process theory
red vs green, yellow vs blue, black vs white
The Retinax theory
objects may appear orange in one level of light and red, green, yellow or even white under others.
color deficiency
causes: absence of one type of cone, one types of cones is less responsive
protanopia, deuteranopia, trianopia
The Non-Visual Senses
HEARING
frequency perception: pitch
high-pitched and low-pitched
amplitude: loudness
structure of the ear
tympanic membrane (eardrum), three tiny bones (malleus, incus, stapes), cochlea, basilar membrane
hearing loss
conduction deafness
nerve deafness
pitch perception
adults: 15 and 20,000 Hz
frequency principle: low frequency (up to about 100Hz)
volley principle: 100-4000 Hz
place principle: beyond 4000 Hz
combined effects (volley and place principles): between 100 and 4000 Hz
localization of sounds
auditory system
sound waves
sounds' distance estimated from loudness and pitch
high pitch and louder--approaching
cue for absolute distance: amount of reverberation experienced
VESTIBULAR SENSE
changes in the position of the vestibules cause simulation receptors
maintaining equilibrium and posture
structure of the vestibular system
semicircular canals, two otolith organs
CUTANEOUS SENSES
independent senses: pressure, warmth and cold, pain, vibration, movement and stretch of skin
somatosensory system
primary somatosensory cortex
fingertips, lips, parietal lobe tissues
pain
the gate theory of pain
neurotransmitter and pain
substance P, endorphins, capsaicin
phantom limbs
CHEMICAL SENSES
taste receptors: sweet, sour, salty, bitter
olfaction
the olfactory tract bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the olfactory bulb that connected to the limbic system
animals: olfaction plays a vital social role, rely on pheromones (use for sexual communication)
synesthesia
: a sound wave would produce a color or taste
Interpretation of Sensory Information
thresholds; absolute threshold
signal detection theory
a hit; correct detection of an actual stimulus
a correct rejection; no stimulus is present, no detection is clamed
a miss; an incorrect rejection when a stimulus is present
a false alarm; an incorrect detection when no stimulus is present
subliminal perception
perception and recognition of patterns
brightness contrast
face recognition
The Feature-Detector Approach
Hubel and Wiesel experiment; visual cortex of monkeys and cats-recorded neuronal activity when different light patterns were displayed
human evidence: waterfall illusion; cells that detect downward motion have become fatigued from staring at the waterfall
Gestalt Psychology
reversible figure, principle of proximity, similarity, continuation, good figure
Perception of Movement and Depth
perception of movement
motion-blindness
distinguish movement and movement of objects
stroboscopic movement
phi effect
depth perception
binocular cues
monocular cues
interposition, texture gradient, shadows
motion parallax
optical illusions