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LU 7: Encoding and Retrieval - Coggle Diagram
LU 7: Encoding and Retrieval
The Way to Store Memory in LTM
Encoding
maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal
Factors that Aid Encoding
imagery, creating connections, cues for remembering, self-reference effect, generation effect, organizing to-be-remembered information, testing
Levels of Processing Theory
depth processing
shallow processing
deep processing
using a word in a sentence
deciding how useful an object might be on a desert island
could lead to circular reasoning
the circularity of defining depth of processing in terms of memory and then predicting that deeper processing, will result in better memory
Aid Encoding
organization, comprehension, and memory, Bransford and Johnson (1972): Balloon Experiment
presented participants with difficult to comprehend information; group that first saw a picture that helped explain the information outperformed the others (having a mental framework of comprehension aided memory encoding and retrieval)
Testing Effect, Roediger and Karpicke (2006)
participants read a passage and then either recall as much as they could (testing group) /reread the passage; the performance of the testing group is better.
Retrieving Information from LTM
Cued-Recall
encoding specificity
Baddeley's (1975), Diving experiment- best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location
Grant et.al (1998), Studying experiment- situations in which study and test conditions matched
state-dependent learning
learning associated with a particular internal state (emotions); better memory of person's mood at encoding matches mood during retrieval
Eich and Metcalfe's (1989), Mood experiment-state dependent learning
Improving Learning and Memory
elaborate
generate and test
organize
match learning and testing conditions
associate what you are learning to what you already know
avoid the illusion of learning
take breaks
Memory
information storage at the synapse: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Memory occur: Medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and perirhinal cortex)
fragility of memory
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
memory for recent events
consolidation
standard model
hippocampal activation and cortical activation - recent memories and remote memories
controversial
Gilboa et al, hippocampus has been shown to be activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories