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Eternity Vasquez p6 - Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Eternity Vasquez p6 - Endocrine System
Function of Endocrine System
coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
influences metabolic activities, hormones transported in blood
Endocrine system integrates and controls
Reproduction
Growth and development
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Exocrine and Endocrine Gland
Exocrine Glands:
produces nonhormal substances (sweat, saliva)
ducts
Endocrine Glands:
Produce hormones
Lack ducts
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs
Pituitary
Oxytoxin
Antidiuretic (ADH):
Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Gonadotropes (FSH and LH)
Prolactin
Thyroid
Parathyroid
secreted hormone (PH) or parathormone
PTH most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
Functions to:
-Stimulate osteoclasts: digest bone matrix and release Ca2+ to blood
-Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phostate (PO4^3-) by kidneys
-activation of vitamin D by kidneys; leads to increased absorption of Ca2+
Adrenal
divided into two glands
Adrenal Cortex
produces 24 + hormones called corticosteroids
steroid hormones are not stored in cells
Mineralcorticoids
-regulate electrolyteconcentrations
-Aldosterone: most potent mineralcortical stimulates Na2+ reabsorption by kidneys
stimulates k+ elimination by kidneys
Glucocorticoids
-influence metabolism: helps us resist stressors
-blood glucose levels relatively constant
-maintain blood pressure by increasing action of vasconstrictions
hormones include: - Cortisol ( stress hormone ) , Cortisone , Corticosterone
Gonadocorticoids
-adrenal sex hormone
-weak adrogens (male sex hormones) converted to testosterone
-may contribute to:
onset of puberty and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
sex drive in women
source of estrogen in postmenopausal women
Adrenal Medulla
synthesize epinephrine (80%) and nonrepinephrine (20%)
effects of catecholamines:
-Vasconstriction
-increased heart rate
-increased blood glucose levels
-blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
-epinephrine more a simulator of metabolic activities
-norepinephrine more influence on peripheral
Pineal Gland
secrete melatonin, derived from serotonin
melatonin may affect:
-timing of sexual maturation and puberty
-day/night cycles
-show rhythmic variations (body temp., sleep, appetite)
-production of antioxidant and detoxification molecules in cells
Classes of Hormones
Amino Acid
Polar
amino acid derivaties, peptides, and protein
water soluble
hormones circulate systemically: only cells for that hormone are affected
Steroids
Synthesized
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
lipid soluble
non polar
NS vs Endocrine System
Nervous
initiates responses rapidly
short duration responses
acts via action potentials and neurotransmitters
acts at specific locations
neurotransmitters act over very short
acts over very short distances
Endocrine
initiates responses slowly
Long duration responses
acts via hormones into the blood
acts at diffuse locations - targets can be anywhere
hormones act over long distances
Hormone Release
release triggered by
Endocrine Gland Stimuli
Humoral Stimuli
Neural Stimuli
Hormonal Stimuli
released triggered by
Nervous System Modulation
ns can make adjustments to hormone levels
can override normal endocrine controls
Target Cell Activation
1- Blood levels of hormone
2- Relative number of receptors on/in target cells
3- Affinity (strength) of binding between receptor and hormone
Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus Hormones
Oxytocin
strong stimulant of uterin contractions during child birth
hormonal trigger for milk ejection
positive feedback mechanisms
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
if concentration too high then posterior pituitary triggered to secrete ADH
release triggered by pain, low blood pressure, drugs
inhibited by alcohol, diuretics
high concentrations cause vasoconstriction, aka vasopressin
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
:
stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
Gonadotropins
(FSH & LH)
-Follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates production of gametes ( egg or sperm )
-Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
promotes production of gonadal hormones
Helps females mature follicles of egg, triggers ovulation, release ovulation, and progesterone
helps stimulate production of testosterone
Release triggered by gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH)
Prolactin (PRL)
milk production
secreted anterior pituitary
Thyroid Hormone
T4 ( Thyroxine ) and T3 ( Triiodothyonine )
effects:
increase basal metabolic rate and heat production
regulates tissue growth and development
maintains blood pressure
Release is regulated by negative feedback
Calcitonin
produced by
parafollicular cells
in response to high Ca2+ levels
antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Pancreas
Glucagon
extremely potent
raises blood glucose levels by targeting liver
Insulin
secreted when blood glucose levels increase
insulin lowers blood glucose levels in 3 ways: - enhancing membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
-inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
-inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
The Gonads and Placenta
Estrogen
maturation of reproduction organs
appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
with progesterone, causes breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
Testosterone
initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
necessary for normal sperm production
maintains reproductive organs in functional state
Placenta
: secretes estrogen, progesterone, and chronic gonadotropin (hCG)
Hormone Secretion by other Organs
Adipose Tissue:
-Leptin = appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
-Resistin=insulin antagonist
Gastrointestinal Tract
-Gastrin= stimulates release of HCI
-Secretin= stimulates liver and pancreas
Heart
-Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): decreases blood Na+ concentration; blood pressure and blood volume
Kidneys
-Erythropoietin= signals production of red blood cells
Skeleton
-Osteoblasts in bone secrete osteocalcin
Thymus
-Large in infants and children; shrinks with age
Diabetes Insipidus
ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
must keep well hydrated
Hypersection of GH usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor
-children results in gigantism < can reach heights of 8 feet
-adults results in acromegaly < overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
Hyposection of GH
-children results in pituitary dwarfism < may reach height of only 4 feet
-adults usually No problems
Grave's Disease
autoimmune disease: body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells
symptoms: elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid, and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite adequate food
exophthalmos: eyes protrude as tissue behind eyes become edematous and fibrous
treatments: surgical removal of thyroid or radioactive lodine to destroy active thyroid cells
Cushing's Syndrome/ Disease
depresses cartilage/ bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
causes: tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, adrenal cortex; overuse of corticosteroids
cushingoid signs: "moon face" and "buffalo hump"
treatment: removal of tumor, discontinuation of drugs
Addison's Disease
under production
deficits both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels
weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension are common
treatment: corticosteroid replacement therapy
early sign: bronzing skin due to high levels of ACTH: which triggers melanin production in melanocytes
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
hyposection of insulin: Type 1
hypoactivity of insulin: Type 2
3 cardinal signs of DM
-Polyuria: huge urine outouts ( pee a lot )
-Polydipsia: excessive thirst (dehydration)
-Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption (hungry)
Hyperinsulinism
excessive insulin secretion
causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose level
symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, even death
treatment: sugar ingestion