Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Endocrine System By: Israel Medina P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
By: Israel Medina P.2
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
:The major function of the endocrine system is to assist in the development of the human body and to maintain homeostasis
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Adrenal Glands
: The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys and are composed of the inner adrenal medulla and outer adrenal cortex
Adrenal Medulla
: Secretes epinephrine and nonepinepherine which both increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose, dilate airways and decrease digestive activities
Adrenal Cortex
:The adrenal cortex makes up most of the adrenal glands
Parathyroid glands
: Located on posterior of the thyroid gland; Helps regulate blood calcium levels
PTH
: Increases blood calcium ion concentration and decrease phosphate ion concentration; stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, which releases calcium into the blood; stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium;
Pancreas
: Releases insulin ans glucagon to control blood sugar levels
Thyroid gland
: Located below the larynx; helps control caloric intake, blood calcium level, and bone growth.
T4
:Increases rate of energy release from carbohydrate; increases rate of protein synthesis; accelerates growth; necessary for normal nervous system maturation
T3
:Has the same effect as T4 but is 5 times as effective
Calcitonin
:Lowers the blood clalcium levels of the body
Pineal Gland
: Secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythms
Pituitary gland
: Also known as the master gland because it tells other endocrine glands when to release hormones
Thymus glands
: Releases Thymosin which affects the production and differentiation of t lymphocytes
Reproductive Glands
Placenta
: Produces estrogen, progesterone and gonadotropin
Testes
: Produces testosterone
Ovaries
: Produces estrogen and progesterone
Digestive glands
:Secretes hormones associated with the stomach to assist with digestion
Heart
: Release Natriuretic peptide to change the blood salt levels within the body
Kidneys
: Secretes erythropoietin to increase production of red blood cells
NON-STEROID HORMONES
Non-steroid hormones combine with receptors in target cell membranes; receptors have a binding site and activity site
Hormone is called
first messenger
Chemicals in the cell that respond to the binding of the hormone, and cause changes in the cell, are called
second messengers
The cascade of biological activity through the cell membrane, beginning with the binding of the hormone, is called signal transduction
Other proteins are activated and carry out the effects of the hormone
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones, Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, PTH, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone
STEROID HORMONES
Lipid soluble, can pass through cell membranes
Carried in the bloodstream weakly bound to plasma proteins
Receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the target cell
Hormone receptor binds with DNA and activates specific genes
New protein may function as an enzyme, transport protein, or hormone receptor
Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
DISEASES/ DISORDERS
Hyperparathyroidism
: Excess of PTH, perhaps due to parathyroid tumor, which results in a blood calcium increase
Hypoparathyrodism
: Deficiency of PTH, usually due to injury of the parathyroid glands, which results in a blood calcium decrease
Hypothyroidism
: Underactivity of the thyroid gland; causes low metabolic rate, fatigue, and weight gain in adults
Type I Diabetes
: Autoimmune disorder, in which beta cells are destroyed, so insulin production is decreased or stopped
Hyperthyroidism
: Overactivity of the thyroid gland; causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, and overeating in adults
Type II Diabetes
: Cells no longer recognize the insulin produced by your body
Within the Endocrine system, there are
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
to keep hormone levels regulated or increase the production of a certain hormone
Negative feedback
: Whenever a you have too little or too much of something the endocrine system releases hormones to keep those levels balanced.
i.e.: The blood glucose levels of the body are maintained by two hormones. insulin which reduces blood glucose levels and glucagon which raises them.
Positive feedback
: In certain situations certain hormones will keep being produced to help the human body.
i.e.: In situations where fight or flight senses kick in, your body will begin to produce adrenaline which will increase blood circulation