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Endocrine System- Gabriel Cruz P2 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System- Gabriel Cruz P2
Major Functions
Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
have organs and glands that make hormones for the body that each have a specific function and they go into the bloodstream to a specific target cell
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Growth Hormone Disorder
Acromegaly: GH over-secretion in adulthood
Gigantism: GH over-secretion during childhood
Pituitary Dwarfism: GH deficiency during childhood
Thyroid Gland Disorder(both lead to enlarge thyroid)
Hypothyroidism: not active thyroid gland, low metabolic rate, fatgue, and weight gain in adults, and poor growth, bone formation, abnormal mental development, and sluggishness
Hyperthyroidism: to much activity from thyroid gland, high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating in adults, and eye protrusion/enlargement (exophthalmia)
Parathyroid Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism: lower levels of PTH, due to surgical removal or injury to glands, which results in a decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism: higher levels of PTH, due to parathyroid tumor, which results in an increase in blood calcium
Adrenal Disorder
Addison disease: hyposecretion of glucorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Cushing syndrome: hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: insulin dependent, autoimmune disorder that beta cells are destroyed this means insulin production then decreases or stops
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: non-insulin dependent, and insulin is produced by not recognized by cells
Stress
Physical: threatens tissue, like extreme cold, exercise, O2 deficency or infections. Also long term can decrease lymphocytes and increase high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and GI ulcers
Psychological: from perceived danger that may have included anger, depression, fear, and grief
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions
Adrenal Gland(on top of kidneys)
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
increase blood pressure, heart rate, ect. (Active in times of fight or flight)
Norepinephrine
does similar things just sometimes a little effect (also active during fight or flight)
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol
function is to decrease protein synthesis (metabolism), and increase fatty acids
Adrenal androgens
function is to covert sex hormone into estrogen in females
Aldosterone
function is to help regulate electrolytes by excreting potassium and conserving sodium leves
Pancreas(behind stomach and between kidneys)
Produces
insulin
which regulates blood glucose levels by decreasing the levels
Produces
glucagon
which regulates blood glucose levels but contrast to insulin it increases the blood glucose levels.
Parathyroid Gland(small dots on thyroid gland)
Parathyroid Hormone
function is increase blood calcium which is in contrast to calcitonin, tells the bone to to release calcium into the blood, and tells the kidneys to conserve calcium
Pineal Gland (In the brain more posterior)
Produce
melatonin
that regulates the
circadian rhythms (Also active at night when dark)
Thyroid Gland(front base of neck)
Triiodothronine
same as thyroxine but more of it
Calcitonin
function is to decrease blood calcium levels which is contrast to parathyroid hormone
Thyroxine
that increases rate of energy using carbohydrates and protein synthesis
Thymus Gland (middle of chest and largest when younger)
Produce
thymosins
that works with your immune system by producing T lymphocytes
Pituitary Gland (More anterior in the brain)
Anterior
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
controls the hormones in the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
controls the release of hormones from adrenal cortex
Prolactin
tells the body to start the production of milk in females
Follicle-stimulating
development of an egg in a female that secretes estrogen and in male it starts the production of sperm cells
Growth Hormone
tells the body to increase in size both in width and height
Luteinizing Hormone
secrets sex hormones and plays a role in releasing an egg in females
Posterior
Antidiuretic Hormone
tells the kidneys to conserve H2O
Oxytocin
helps with contractions during child birth, and to secrete milk release
Other Glands
Kidneys
Produce
erythropoietin
which produce blood cells
Heart
Secrete
atrial natriuretic peptide
that regulates sodium and H2O excretion from the kidneys
Reproductive Gland
testes
testosterone
placenta
gonadotropin, estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
Produce estrogen and progesterone
Digestive Gland
Secrete hormones that help the digestive system like the stomach and small intestines.
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative feedback: controls the release of hormones from the Hthalamus, hormone level rises, the hormone exerts its effects which inhibits negative feedback
Positive Feedback: helps during child birth to tell the body to keep on contracting, also tells the body to keep on going causing positive feedback
steroid vs. non-steroid hormones
Steroid(is also a type):
Formed from cholesterol like estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
lipid-soluble meaning they can pass through cell membranes cause receptor is inside the cell
Carried in bloodstream which is weakly bound to proteins
Non-steroid:
Peptides
: formed by amine acids, examples are antidiuretic, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing
Polypeptides
and proteins: formed by amino acids, examples are parathyroid, growth, and prolactin
Amines
: formed from amino acids, and examples are norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones
Glycoproteins
: formed from protein and carbihydrates, examples are follicle-stimulating, luteininizing, thyroid-stimulating
receptors are on the cell membrane, hormone is first messenger, and chems in cell respond to the hormone and causes changes to the cell that is called the second messenger