Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Stephanie Hernandez P. 7 Endocrine system - Coggle Diagram
Stephanie Hernandez P. 7 Endocrine system
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback):
Negative feedback :<3: Most hormones are controlled by negative feedback, in which the hormone feeds back to decrease its own production. This type of feedback brings things back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme.
Positive feedback: :<3:
Positive feedback is much less common because it causes conditions to become increasingly extreme. The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. Oxytocin stimulates the muscle contractions that push the baby through the birth canal. The release of oxytocin results in stronger or augmented contractions during labor.
Major functions of the endocrine system:
Endocrine glands and their hormones regulate a number of
metabolic processes within cells, and the whole body.
The endocrine system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs called endocrine glands, that secrete hormones into body fluids.
The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid:
which are derived from
cholesterol.
The hormone-receptor complex binds with the DNA and activates specific genes that, in turn, direct the synthesis of specific proteins.
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, so they can pass through cell membranes.
Carried in the bloodstream weakly bound to plasma proteins
Non-steroid:
amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins,
which are produced from amino acids
Nonsteroid hormones combine with receptors in target cell membranes; the
receptors have a binding site and an activity site
The chemicals in the cell that respond to binding of the hormone, and cause changes in the cell, are called second messengers
Other proteins are activated and they carry out the effects of the hormone
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Diabetes:
is a metabolic disease due to lack of insulin or the inability of cells to recognize insulin.
Hypothyroidism:
under activity of the thyroid gland that causes low metabolic rate, fatigue, and weight gain in adults.
Hyperthyroidism:
Overactivity of the thyroid gland Causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating in adults
Type 1 diabetes:
Mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is an autoimmune disorder, in which beta cells are destroyed, so insulin production decreases or stops.
Type 2 diabetes:
Mellitus (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is when insulin is produced but is not recognized by cells
Depending on the cause of the disease, either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may lead to the formation of a goiter, an enlarged thyroid that appears as a bulge in the neck.
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity):
Pineal Gland::star: The pineal gland is a gland close to the thalamus
The pituitary gland (hypophysis): :star: is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum
Kidney: :star: Secrete erythropoietin for blood cell production
Heart: :star: Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, which affects sodium and water excretion by the kidneys.
The hypothalamus: :star: is in the lower central part of the brain. It links the endocrine system and nervous system.
Parathyroids: :star: Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that work together called the parathyroids. They release the parathyroid hormone, which controls the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin.
The pancreas: :star: makes insulin and glucagon, which are hormones that control the level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood.
Adrenal Glands: :star:These two triangular adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney.
The thyroid: :star: is in the front part of the lower neck. It makes the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to make energy.
Include the hormones produced, their functions, and their target organs:
Luteinizing hormone (LH): controls estrogen and testosterone production as well as ovulation
Melatonin: controls sleep and wake cycles
Insulin: helps to reduce your blood glucose levels
Luteinizing hormone (LH): Controls estrogen and testosterone production as well as ovulation
Thyroid hormone: Help to control several body functions, including the rate of metabolism and energy levels
Glucagon: helps to increase levels of blood glucose
Progesterone: helps to prepare the body for pregnancy when an egg is fertilized.