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Endocrine System- Amy Arteaga Period 7 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System- Amy Arteaga Period 7
Major functions:
secrete hormones which regulate metabolism, reproduction, sleep, mood, growth and development
endocrine glands
: glands whose secretions are directly poured into the blood.
gland
: organ that produces secretions called hormones
works w/ nervous system to maintain homeostasis. Hormones diffuse into bloodstream. EXOCRINE secretes products into ducts outside internal environment while ENDOCRINE secretes hormones into body fluids to affect target cells.
Major Organs:
Thyroid gland
: produces two hormones (thyroxine T3 & triiodothyronine T4) which regulate metabolism (caloric intake), blood calcium, bone growth.(below larynx, base of neck)
calcitonin
: produced by thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels; increases calcium deposition in bones. stimulates osteoblasts/ inhibits osteoclast
pituitary gland
: ~"master gland" attached to hypothalamus, anterior; releasing and inhibiting hormones. posterior; release hormones thru nerve impulse. A; growth hormone(GH), Prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH). P; Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) & Oxytocin (OT)
prolactin
: produced by anterior pituitary; stimulates milk production
thyroid-stimulating hornone
: produced by anterior pituitary; stimulates thyroid gland
adronocorticotropic hormone ACTH
; produced by anterior pituitary; stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Gonadotropins
: produced by anterior pituitary; hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries, FSH and LH
Antidiretic hormone
: produced by anterior pituitary; influences absorption of water by kidney tubules; promotes retention of water by kidneys; (kidneys to reabsorb water)
Parathyroid gland
s: there are 4 located on posterior of thyroid glands. Releases PTH Parathyroid hormone: produce by parathyroid gland; opposite action of calcitonin, increases blood calcium, decrease phosphate ions; stimulates bone resorption w/ osteoclasts-> releases calcium into blood
parathyroid hormone
: parathyroid hormone: produced by parathyroid gland; opposite action of
calcitonin
, increases blood calcium/ decreases phosphate ions; stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, releasing calcium into the blood
Adrenal gland
: top of kidneys. secretes epinephrine and norephrine
adrenal cortex & aldosterone
; secreted by adrenal cortex; stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium ions/ water, excreting potassium ions
aldosterone
: hormone produced by adrenal cortex that regulates sodium reabsorption
adrenal medulla
is the one who produces epinephrine & norepinephrine into bloodstream
ACTH
; promotes release of glucorticoids & androgens
CRH
: stimulates adrenal glands, releasing cortisol
Hypothalamus
: directs maintenance activities ( body temp., eating), helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland, emotions.
pancreas
: exocrine gland controling blood glucose. Glucagon; increases blood level of glucose & Insulin decreases it
glucagon & insulin:
liver --> glucagon increases & insulin decreases
Pineal gland
: upper portion of thalamus, secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rythms
responsible for establishing wake and sleep cycles.(upper portion of thalamus)
Thymus gland
: between lungs, behind sternum. Secretes thymosin, impacts production of T lymphocytes(immunity)
Kidneys
: secrete erythropoietin for blood cell reproduction.
Heart
: secretes artial neurotic peptide, affecting sodium & water exertion by kidneys
Gigestive glands:
secrete hormones associated with stomach & small intestine for digestion
Reproductive glands
: ovaries produce estrogen & progesterone(placenta produces estrogen, progesterone, & ganadropin. Tetis produce testosterone.
ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone
luteinizing hormone
: hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary
oxytocin
: stimulation of uterine contractions
Steroid vs. Non-steroid hormones
Steroid hormones:
enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus
-lipid soluble & can pass thru cell membrane, carried into bloodstream.
-hormone receptor carries out the effectors of the steroid hormone
Target cells
: cells that have receptors for a particular hormone.
-structurally related to cholesterol & proteins
Non-steroid hormones
: made of either protein, peptides/amoni acids. Not fat soluble; do not enter cell. Bind to surface of target cells to trigger a reaction within the cell.
-combine w/ receptors in target cell membranes; receptors have a binding site & activity site
-
First messenge
r: water soluble hormone that binds to its receptor
-second messenger
: chemicals in cell that respond to binding of hormone & cause changes in cell
amino acid
: hormones that enter cells directly to cause changes
amines, peptides, proteins, or glucoproteins produced from amino acids
Hormones
: chemicals that travel in the blood and cause changes in different parts of the body
Homeostatic mechanisms
Negative feedback:
increase in concentration of a hormone, triggers activities that inhibit further secretion
Release of hormones from hypothalamus controls secretions of anterior pituitary affecting activity of other endocrine glands.
commonly, mechanisms control hormone release & gland becomes sensitive
when sufficient adrenaline has been secreted, production stops; negative feedback
hormone regulation operates under negative feedback
Positive feedback:
tends to magnify a process or increase its output. ie. childbirth contractions. Increased hormone secretion is enhanced to produce more hormones.
once homeostasis is reached, hormone release will be maintained.
Diseases associated w/ endocrine system
Hypothyroidism
: hyposecretion of thyroid gland. Causes low thyroid levels in blood-> obesity, sluggishness, slow pulse
Hyperthyroidism
: excessive activity of thyroid gland. Causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating(adults); can lead to eye protrusion.
goiter
: enlargement of thyroid gland
Adison's disease
: adrenal glands are not producing enough cortisol or aldostisole
Diabetes Insipidus
: caused by hyposecretion of ADH; antidiuretic hormone not secreted adequately, or kidney is resistant
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IDDM- beta cells are destroyed, insulin production decreases/stops.
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
: non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM- insulin is produced but not recognized by cells.
Stressors
: threaten homeostasis & increase activity of sympathetic nervous system
Pituitary dwarfism
: abnormally short height caused by over secretion of GH from pituitary gland
Gigantism
: abnormal growth of whole body. caused by over secretion of GH before puberty
Acromegaly
: enlargement of extremities due to oversecretion in
adulthood