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Concept Map: Endocrine System Sarah Hernandez P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map:
Endocrine System
Sarah Hernandez P.6
Major endocrine glands/organs and functions
+hormones produced (functions +target organs)
anterior pituitary gland:
release hormones from hypothalamus
growth hormone (GH):
stimulates an increase in size/ division rate of body cells; enhances movement of amino acids across membranes
prolactin (PRL):
sustains milk production after birth
thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating, TSH)
: controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
ACTH:
controls secretion of certain hormones from adrenal gland
Gonadotropins (FSH/LH):
FSH-responsible for egg development in females and simulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen; for males, stimulates production of sperm cells
LH- promotes secretion of sex hormones, releasing of eggs in females
posterior pituitary gland:
Antidiuretic (ADH):
causes kidneys to conserve water; high concentration constricts blood vessels
Oxytocin (OT):
positive feedback mechanism
contracts smooth muscles in uterine walls; contracts myoepithelial cells associated with milk-secreting glands
adrenal glands
(+ kidneys)
inner adrenal medulla:
consists of postganglionic neurons, connected to sympathetic nervous system
-release of medullary hormones: regulated by nerve impulses from CNS through sympathetic division of automatic nervous system
secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
into bloodstream; used in "fight or flight" moments
outer adrenal cortex:
consists of most adrenal glands:
outer- zona glomerulosa
mid- zona fasciculata
inner- zona reticularis
cells of a.cortex produce steroids vital to survival: e.g., aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones
aldosterone:
regulates mineral and electrolyte balance, in response to decreasing blood volume/ blood pressures
cortisol:
regulates glucose metabolism
inhibits protein synthesis, increases blood amino acids
thyroid gland
thyroxine (T4):
increases the rate of energy release of carbs; increases rate of protein synthesis; accelerates growth; necessary for normal nervous system maturation
triiodothyronine (T3):
5 times more greater influence than T4
- does same things as T4: increase carb energy release, protein synthesis, accelerates growth all for nervous system maturation
thymus gland:
secretes thymosins for the production of T lymphocytes, vital for immunity
ovaries/ testes:
ovaries: produce estrogen/ progesterone
testes: produce testosterone
pancreas/ pancreatic islets:
secretes hormones as an endocrine gland and as an exocrine gland for the distribution of digestive juices into the digestive tract
uses
insulin and glycogen
to maintain relatively stable blood glucose concentrations (antagonists)
glucagon increases glucose blood levels
insulin decreases glucose blood levels
glucose:
increases blood level of glucose; stimulates glycogen breakdown and conversion of carbohydrates into glucose by the liver
low blood glucose stimulates the secretion of glucagon
insulin:
decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to form glycogen, promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose to cells, increasing protein synthesis and storing fat
high glucose levels stimulate insulin
pineal gland:
secretes melatonin for the regulation of sleep patterns/rhythms of body
parathyroid glands:
4 tiny parathyroid located on posterior of thyroid gland
parathyroid hormone:
stimulates bone resorption, releases calcium to blood and simulates kidneys to conserve calcium
increases blood calcium ion concentration, decreases phosphate ion concentration (
calcium up/ phosphate down
)
calcitonin:
hormone that lowers levels of calcium and phosphate ion concentrations
calcitonin secretion is regulated by blood concentration of calcium; when
calcium is high, calcitonin is secreted
Major Functions of the endocrine system
endocrine system: works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
endocrine glands secrete hormones into body fluids--> hormones diffuse through bloodstream to target cells
endocrine communicates with cells using hormones (cells), regulating the number of metabolic processes within cells and the whole body
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation: positive/negative feedback
negative feedback mechanisms:
nervous system influences certain glands directly
other glands respond directly to internal fluid changes
[ hypothalamus> anterior pituitary> endocrine glands ]
negative feedback systems:
gland is sensitive to concentration of substance it regulates; controls hormone release
hormone level rises, further secretion is inhibited, then hormone secretion decreases
when hormone concentration drops, inhibition is removed, glands secrete hormones until normal range
most glands are controlled by negative feedback
Positive Feedback:
Oxytocin:
role in childbirth by contracting uterine muscles and milk-letdown
stretching uterus in late preg. stages, stimulates oxytocin release
infant w/ breast stimulates oxytocin release after childbirth
^^ both simulated by
positive feedback
steroids v. non-steroids (+hormones)
Nonsteroids
: amines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins} produced by amino acids
combine with receptors in target cell membranes; receptors have binding sites + activity site, is the
first
messenger
second
messengers: chemicals in the cell that respond to the binding site of hormones and cause changes in the cell
solely connect to target cells outside of cell membrane
Steroids
: substances derived from cholesterol
are lipid-soluble, pass through cell membrane
carried in bloodstream bound to plasma membranes
protein receptors for steroid hormones are located
inside
the target cell
e.g, estrogen
Diseases of Endocrine system
Thyroid disorder:
hyperthyroidism: underactivity of thyroid gland
causes low metabolic rate, fatigue. weight gain (in adults)
hyperthyroidism:
overactivity of thyroid gland
high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating (in adults), and may lead to eye protrusion (exophthalmia)
depending on cause, may lead to formation of goiter; enlarged thyroid appearing as bulge in neck
parathyroid disorder (PTH):
hypoparathyroidism: PTH deficiency, due to surgical removal/ gland injury, resulting in
decreased blood calcium
PTH excess, due to parathyroid tumor, resulting in
increased blood calcium
Adrenal Hormone Disorders:
Addison disease:
hyposecretion
of glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids
Cushing syndrome:
hypersecretion
of adrenal cortical hormones
Diabetes Mellitus:
metabolic disease due to the lack of insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin
Type I
diabetes mellitus: autoimmune disorder in which beta cells are destroyed; insulin decreases/stops
Type II:
diabetes mellitus:
when insulin is produced but is not recognized by the cells