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Changing Places, Meaning and Representation, Relationships and Connections…

- - - - Endogenous factors:
        
        The Avon and Frome rivers
        
        Avon Gorge
        
        Local economy
        
        Demographics
        
        The harbour and proximity to Bristol Channel; accessible to Atlantic Ocean
        
        Accessible location
        
        Bristolian dialect
        
        Architecture e.g. Suspension Bridge
        
        The Wills family; contains the largest number of millionaires in the British Isles
      - Exogenous factors:
        
        The Atlantic Slave Trade
        
        Globalisation
        
        Central Government Policy
        
        European Green Capital
      - The Slave Trade: an exogenous factor
        
        Social characteristics include population growth, investment in city institutions (e.g. schools, theatres), racial tension and movements against discrimination (e.g. Bristol Boycott, BLM protests), toxic legacy of Triangular Trade (e.g. removal of Colston statue)
        
        Economic characteristics include investment in infrastructure (e.g. Queen Square, Guinea Street, Wills Memorial Building), employment in processing of plantation products, wealth generation, development of financial sector (e.g. Old Bank/Natwest; this boomed the population from 20,000 at the beginning of the 18th century to 64,000 at the end) and the establishment of Bristol as a major trading empire within the British empire
        
        Bristol became involved in the slave trade in 1698. In 1750 alone, Bristol's ships transported 8,000/20,000 enslaved Africans that year. As late as 1789, ~80% of the total value of Bristol's oversea trade could be attributed to the slave trade.
    - - Demographic impacts:
        
        Growth in population
        
        More families, who prefer a safer environment
        
        Increase in commuters
        
        Increase in retired people
      - Socio-economic impacts:
        
        More houses are needed
        
        House prices have increased
        
        Increased pressure in schools and other services
        
        Increased traffic
      - Cultural impacts:
        
        Newcomers bring different attitudes and lifestyles
        
        Residents' views of Backwell have changed over time
    - - Positives of gentrification
        
        Improvements in sustainable urban transport
        
        Lowered crime and violent statistics
        
        Strong community support
        
        General improvement to urban environment through regeneration schemes
        
        Expansion of primary schools
        
        Buildings and parks renovated and beautified
        
        Prestigious environments
        
        Services adapting to higher levels of disposable income
        
        Safe environments
        
        Renovated homes and repaved streets
        
        Access to other cultural and sporting attractions
      - Negatives of gentrification:
        
        Closure of businesses not favoured by newcomers
        
        An influx of newcomers often maintain populations above the threshold for services
        
        Local people call it a hipster takeover
        
        Higher prices for services and goods
    - - An urban development corporation (UDC) has special powers to accelerate the rate of urban regeneration, aiming to bring land and buildings into use, encourage industry and commerce, create an attractive environment and increase the availability of housing and social facilities.
      - The BDC maily aimed to improve the physical, economic and social regeneration of the Urban Development Area. Their key initiatives were employment opportunities, cities for people and changing the face of the city.
      - The UDA comprised an area of industrial wasteland from Temple Meads station to St Phillips Marsh
      - The designation of the BDC was strongly opposed by the City and County Councils and confrontations with local authority continued throughout the BDC's life.
      - Positives
        
        Attracted new industry to improved units
        
        4.1 miles of new road and footpaths installed
        
        Provided over 4,800 new jobs
        
        ~180 acres of derelict land reclaimed for regeneration
        
        £234m of private finance invested in the area
        
        Housing developments in the Upper Avon Valley were successfully negotiated
        
        The Spine Road was built within budget; it accounted for half of the BDC's budget
      - Negatives
        
        Failed to meet the needs of local residents, both that it had set out and the requests of locals
        
        Many confrontations and broken down relations
        
        Pursued many large flagship proposals that never happened e.g. Quay Point
        
        Very little investment into environmental improvements, training or social facilities
        
        Most jobs created were low skilled and poorly paid; socio-economic polarisation
        
        Failed to adequately take on board the views of the public during the consultation phase
        
        During recession, unemployment in UDC areas increased up to 25% compared to the 5% city average,
    - - Social inequalities
    - - Reimaging was used to discard negative perceptions associated with high rates of deprivation. It's part of one of the most deprived wards in Bristol and in the bottom 10% of most deprived wards in the UK.
      - The scheme involved traffic management measures, community involvement, the reallocation of road space, environmental improvements and the remodelling of residential streets. Parking is now permit only and restricted to residents and different coloured paving differentiates between car parking bays, the road and entrances to houses.
      - Evidence of success includes
  - - - Pablo Escobar
        
        Leader of the Medellín drug cartel, who supplied 80% of cocaine smuggled into the US in 1980.
        
        He was nicknamed Robin Hood as he was both loved and feared by the public
        
        Personally distributed money to around 25,000 poor people and built 70 community football pitches in Medellín
        
        3,500 people died as a result of the drug war, including 500 police officers
        
        He was the wealthiest criminal in history with a net worth of US$25-30 million in 1990
        
        Shot dead by National Police in 1993
      - The US military
        
        They were involved in an attempt to recapture Escobar after his escape from prison in 1992, running surveillance missions
        
        The sudden aid was unpopular with the people of Medellín since the US had a reputation of kidnapping criminals wanted on trial in America, which the Colombian Constitution does not allow. This induced a lot of fear and led to protests
        
        Eeven with their help it still took over a year to capture Escobar, illustrating their incapability and embarrassing the Colombian government
        
        Eventually led to the public's distrust of authorities and slowed the progression of change in Medellín
      - Sergio Fajardo
        
        He was mayor of Medellín from 2004-07 after being elected in 2003 with the highest vote in history.
        
        He entered politics in 1999 after growing tired of saying things should change. He created the first independent civic movement with no strong political orientation, along with NGOs, charities and academics etc.
        
        He strongly believed in the influence of education in crating change
        
        40% of the municipal budget was spent on education, schools were built in deprived areas and public education systems were improved rather than privatised. He also introduced the library parks.
        
        He increased transparency in Medellín's finances, encouraging more people to pay their taxes.
    - - "Most dangerous city in the world"- Times Magazine, 1988
      - "The world's most murderous city", 1992 (after 6,349 deaths in 1991)
      - "The most innovative city in the world"- Urban Land Institute, 2013
      - Became a model of urban social integration
      - Named one of the first 33 cities of the Rockefeller Foundation's 100 Resilient Cities Project
- - - - This can give insights on someone's sense or perception of place and their lived experiences
      - They can be biased with interviewers using leading questions. People also tend to present themselves in a favourable light
    - - Visual representations show what a place looks like and can reflect the character of these places, however artists control what they and therefore can be inaccurate.
      - Photographs show what a place looks like in a given moment; they're a snapshot in time. Photos are often used to market places in a positive light, but they can be edited and carefully selected.
        
        Photographs of Bristol often depict the suspension bridge or hot air balloons
        
        Photographs of Medellín show it to be vibrant and innovative
      - Film and television evoke a sense of place that is dependent on the story being told e.g. crime/romance.
        
        E.g. Skins and Outlaws in Bristol
        
        El Patrón de Mal in Medellín
      - Graffiti is becoming increasingly popular and accepted as an art form, although it is traditionally associated with youth cultures. It often gives a voice to people not usually heard in mainstream media.
        
        E.g. Banksy in Bristol
      - Botero Medellín
    - - These can evoke a sense of place through detailed descriptions, as well as emotional impressions of places, although again this is from the writer's perspective.
      - Certain places have strong connections with particular authors and stories e.g. Bronte country in Yorkshire/Lancashire.
      - E.g. treasure island in Bristol
      - E.g. the Anthill in Medellín
  - - - The Census includes lots of qualitative data, such as age, gender, ethnicity, income and deprivation and it's conducted by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) every decade
      - There are limitations such as incomplete data sets, little reference to lived experiences and the fact that it can be selected for different purposes making it subjective.
      - Index of Multiple Deprivation can illustrate social/economic characteristics
      - Police UK produces data on crime
    - - These play an important role in our sense and perception of place and can represent both quantitative and qualitative data that has a location.
      - Maps can be inaccurate, such as historical maps and the Mercator Projection, which is Eurocentric. Google Maps is also biased since businesses can pay for advertising and promotions.
- - - - The Earl of Dorchester moved the town of Milton because it was 'spoiling his view'. The residents were moved to a new village, while the old one was demolished. Although they residents were unhappy, they could not resist as they would have been forced to move anyway.
    - - The estate was bought by Westbrook Partners who planned to triple/quadruple rents. Many people protested, including celebrities. 350,000 signatures were gained on a petition to the Hackney council and Westbrook eventually sold it back to Dolphin Square Charitable Foundation in 2014.
- - - - The character of a place can be influenced by its relative location to another place e.g. many villages/towns outside of major cities are characterised as commuter settlements
    - - Tourism affects places, for example by increasing jobs and the hospitality sector
      - Migration can influence the character of place, especially if there is an ethnically diverse population
    - - Investment into regeneration may increase quality of environment and populations living there
  - - - Location
        
        Where a place is
        
        Features due to location can characterise a place, such as a coastal area may be characterised as a port
      - Topography
        
        Shape of the landscape
        
        Affects other endogenous factors, such as land use
        
        Places can be directly characterised by their geography: mountain/valley?
      - Physical geography
        
        Refers to environmental features, such as altitude, aspect, soil and rock type
        
        Places can be characterised by their physical geography, for example geology which determines landforms
        
        Affects other endogenous factors, for example economic activities related to natural resources
    - - Land use
        
        Refers to human activities that occur on the land e.g. farming, leisure, industry
        
        One of the most important factors in directly defining the character of places
        
        Affects other factors such as the built environment
        
        Changes over time e.g. de-industrialisation
      - Built environment and infrastructure
        
        Refers to building density and types as well as the structures built for transport, communications and services
      - Demographic and economic characteristics
        
        Refers to who lives in a place and what they're like; factors include age, gender, religion, ethnicity etc.
        
        Can directly characterise a place e.g. seaside towns are often associated with an older, retired population
        
        Economic factors also characterise a place, such as wealth