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Endocrine System - Richard Nguyen P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System - Richard Nguyen P.6
Endocrine Glands
Thyroid
T4 Throxine
T3 Triiodothyronine
Parathyroid
calcitonin is antagonist to parathyroid hormone
parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
target organs are skeleton, kidneys, and intestine
stimulate osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release Ca 2+ to blood
Adrenal
adrenal cortex
(Mineralocorticoids) aldosterone
stimulates na+ reabsorption by kidneys
stimulates k+ elimination by kidneys
Glucocorticoids
cortisol - control blood sugar level, regulate metabolism
Gonadocorticoids
weak androgens converted to testosterone in tissue cells some to estrogens
adrenal medulla
epinephrine (80)
more a stimulator of metabolic activities
norepinephrine (20)
more of an influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
Pineal
secrete melatonin
affect day/night cycles
Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary
oxytocin
uterine contractions released during childbirth
hormonal trigger for milk ejection
targets uterus and breat
ADH(antidiuretic hormone)
targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to in hibite or prevent uring formation
release also triggered by pain, low blood
high concentrations cause vasoconstriction, vasopressin
Anterior Pituitary
growth hormone
targets liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues
hypo is gigantism and acromegaly
hyper is pituitary dwarfism
thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
targets thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
targets adrenal cortex
follicle stimulating
stimulates production of gametes ( egg or sperm)
targets ovaries and testes
luteinizing hormone
promotes production of gonadal hormones
in females, helps mature follicles of egg, triggers ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone
in males, stimluates production of testosterone
targets ovaries and testes
prolactin
stimulates milk production in females
targets breast
Pancreas
Insuluin
produced by Beta cells
secreted when blood glucose levels increaese
lowers blood glucose
Glucagon
produced by Alpha cells
extemely potent
raises blood glucose levels by target liver to break down glycogen into glucos
Ovaries
estrogen
maturation of reproductive organs
progesterone
Testes
testosterone
initates maturation of male reproductive organs
Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Lipid-soluble
Synthesized from cholesterol
Amino Acid-Based Hormones
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
Hormone Regulation
Feedback Loop
is a loop of which a product feeds back to control its own production
involve negative feedback loops
reverses a change in a controlled condition
Increased hormone effects on target organs can inhibit further hormone release
keep the hormone within a narrow range
Exocrine Gland
Hormone enters blood
enters nonsteroid target cell
enters steroid target cells
Steroid vs Non Steroid Hormones
Steroid
produced from cholesterol
Non Steroid
proteins, small peptides, and modified amino acids.
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
Nervous System
initiates responses rapidly
short duration responses
acts at specific locations
short distances
Endocrine System
long distances
diffuse locations
long duration responses
initiates response slowly
Hormone Release
Endocrine Gland Stimuli
Humoral (change in blood levels of ions and nutrients)
Neural (nerves fibers stimulate hormone release)
Hormonal (hormones stimulate other endocrine organs)
Nervous System Modulation
can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed
prepare body for fight or flight
Imbalances
Diabetes Insipidus
adh deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus
hyposecretion of TH in adults can lead to myxedema
goiter may develop due to lack of iodine
thyroid enlarges
hypothyroidism is usually caused by poor development of thyroid gland
may be asymptomatic or present with weak cry, poor feeding, constuiipation
Hypersecretion of TH : graves disease
antibodies mimic tsh, stimulating th release
exophthalmos, protruding eyes
hypersecretion - cushings syndrome/disease
depresses bone formation and immune system
hyposecretion - addison's disease
deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineraliocorticoids
Diabetes Mellitus
hyposecretion of insulin
hypoactivity of insulin
SIGNS
Polyuria
huge urine output
Polydipsia
excessive thrist
Polyphagia
excessive hunger
hyperinsulinism
ecessive insulin secretion
causes hypoglycemia - low blood glucose levls
Hormone Secretion by Other Organs
Adipose Tissue
leptin- appetite control
resistin - insulin antagonist
Gastrointestinal tract
gastrin stimulates release of HCI
secretin stimulates liver and pancreas
Heart
atrial natururetic peptide- decrease blood NA= concentration
Kidneys
erythropoietin- production of red blood cells
Skeleton
osteoclacin -reduces body fat
Thymus
thymulin
thymopoietins
thymosin
Target cells
Activation
blood levels of hormone
relative number of receptors on or in cells
affinity (strength) of binding between receptor and hormone
Regulations
Up
target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
Down
target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels