Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain. One year later, Guatemala and its provinces formed an independent state, of federal character, with the name of United Provinces of the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala. However, local oligarchies promoted separation. This led to a civil war (1838-1840), in which Guatemala could not prevail. England invaded Nicaragua but was rejected, although it remained with the enclave of Belize. Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and, therefore, became independent along with Colombia. Of this one separated in 1904, by the direct action of EE. UU, to control the Panama Canal promoted the formation of a separate republic