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Clinical psychology - Coggle Diagram
Clinical psychology
Schitzophrenia
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Thought insertions: When a person believes their thoughts don't belong to them and have been implanted by an external source. They experience a 'blurring' of boundary between the self and the others and feel that this boarder has become permeable.
Hallucinations: involuntary, clear and vivid perceptual experiences that occur in absence of any external stimuli.
Delusions: 'fixed beliefs' that aren't amenable to change in the light of conflicting evidence (believes they're being watched by the police)
Disorganised thinking: a persons speech going completely off topic and speak of jumbled unrelated ideas.
Features: common for 0.3-0.7% of the public, onset for males is early to mid 20s, and late 20s for women.
The 4Ds:
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Dysfunction- If a person isn't able to function well on their own, and their behaviour is affecting their quality of life (eat, sleep, hygiene)
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Evaluation:
Strength: Help avoid errors in diagnosis
E: if deviance was the only consideration when diagnosing, then people who are eccentric, yet harmless may be seen as abnormal whilst those with common symptoms of depression may be missed.
T: A valid system should be neither over or under inclusive.
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Drug treatments for SZ:
FGA's: Chlorapromazine- dopamine antagonist that reduces positive symptoms (blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors without activating them).
Most effective- the ones that bind to the D2 receptors
Effective in reducing + symptoms, but up to 40% of people feel no relief and experience - symptoms.
Side effects- stiff/slow movement of face and body
SGA's: Clozapine- blocks dopamine in the same way, but additionally acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors.
Risperidone- new SGA- binds to serotonin and dopamine (more strongly to dopamine than clozapine and effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics)
Reduces + and - symptoms.
Side effects- potentially fatal blood condition 'agranulocytosis'. Clients have regular blood tests to avoid this.
Up to 40% feel no relief.
Protocol- Krishna Patel stated" important to start medication use quickly in order to be most effective." in the first 7 days following a psychotic episode, the objective is to decrease hostility and attempt to return the client to normal functioning.
individual is monitored for changes in symptoms/ side effects, and once these have subsided a maintenance dose will be prescribed to encourage socialisation, improve mood and combat relapse which will happen to 60-80% of people who don't take the maintenance dose.
The ICD:
Classification system that includes both psychical and mental disorders- current version is the ICD-10, and is a multilingual, freely available resource used by clinicians and researchers, policy makers and client organisations around the world. Proivides a 'common language' so that data collected in different countries can be usefully compared.
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Research methods:
An example of a case study- Lavarenne et al 2013- used an outpatient therapy group- with 70 individuals.
Therapy group would meet regularly and consisted of 10 members vulnerable to psychosis - Coding system had developed whereby the therapist recorded emotions expressed as well as thoughts/behaviours.
Earl- his reaction to bret giving everyone a Christmas card and calendar, quiet and new member who had been living in a basement without electricity, eating only tomato sauce and crackers.
his rejection of the gifts may represent his fear of being annihilated. He responds to the situation by discussing an oil project running a pipeline around the world.
Hold the pieces of his self together, and and symbolises an attempt to identify a boundary between himself and others, pipeline- world= boundary-himself.
Father was an oil engineer.
Dan- had been silent at this group for 6 months now won't stop talking- told the group about an out of body experience where he feared he wouldn't be able to et his spirit back into his body. Struggling with demands from GF who wants to define what the relationship is.