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ZINC OXIDE NANOFLOWER - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chemical process that occurs in a sealed pressure vessel called an autoclave.
        
        Crystallizing substances from high-temperature aqueous solutions at high vapor pressures.
        
        High temperature and pressure provide a one-step process to produce highly crystalline materials without post-annealing treatments.
    - - Ambient reaction conditions
      - Regulation of rate & uniformity of nucleation, crystal growth & ageing
      - Control over morphology & particle size
      - Self-purifying process
    - - Requires autoclave
      - Closed reaction system
  - - - Involves four stages, namely, hydrolysis, con-
        densation and polymerization of monomers for particle formation, growth of
        particles, and agglomeration of particles.
        
        During process, the metal oxide particle nucleation process occurs
        normally by precipitation.
        
        This process involves the reaction between the soluble
        metal salt with the hydroxide ions
    - - High purity products
      - Control over particle size
      - Operable at low temperatures
    - - Longer reaction time
      - Use of organic solvents
- - - - Crystal atoms scatter incident X-rays, primarily through interaction with the atoms’ electrons.
        
        A regular array of scatterers produces a regular array of spherical waves.
        
        In the majority of directions, these waves cancel each other out through destructive interference.
        
        Add constructively in a few specific directions, as determined by Bragg’s law, Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction discover that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reflected X-rays.
        
        Rietveld Refinement
        
        The refining quality is usually determined by how well the observed XRD patterns match the estimated XRD patterns.
    - - The electron beam will be produced by an electron cannon located at the top of the microscope.
        
        The electron beam travels in a vertical route through the vacuum-sealed microscope.
        
        The electron beam will pass through an electromagnetic field and a magnetic lens, which will direct the beam downward toward the sample.
        
        When the beam strikes the sample, electrons and X-rays are expelled.
        
        The detector will gather these X-rays, backscattered electrons, and secondary electrons.
        
        The detector will then transform the signal into a signal that will be displayed on the screen; final pictures will be produced.
    - - Light passes through a sample or reflects off a sample surface.
        
        Absorption spectroscopy of light beam
        
        Leads them to transition from a ground state to an excited state
  - - - Measure the particle size.
      - Characterise ZnO's surface shape morphology and element composition
      - Examining the surface structure of cells and materials (nm).
      - Extract a wide range of data from a sample's surface
    - - Zinc oxide crystallize as hexagonal wurtzite
      - Measure the crystallite size of the produced nanomaterial using Scherrer equation.
      - The X'pert High Score Plus for Rietveld refinement approach will also be used to do a quantitative measurement.
    - - Determine the optical properties (transmittance, reflectance and absorbance)
      - Measures the intensity of light transmitted through a sample