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Cardiovascular System Mia Cortez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Mia Cortez Period 5
Anatomy of Heart
Vales
Right AV : Tricuspid
Location: Opening between right atrium & right ventricle
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Left AV : Bicuspid (Mitral)
Location: Opening between left ventricle & left atrium
Function : Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Aortic
Location:Entrance to aorta
Function : Prevents blood from moving from aorta into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation.
Pulmonary
Location : Entrance to pulmonary trunk
Function: Prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Each side has an AV valve to ensure one way flow of blood from atria to ventricle
Chambers
4 Chambers
2 upper : atria
recieve blood returning to heart; thin walls & ear like avricles projecting from their exterior
2 lower : ventricles
Thick muscles; pump blood out the heart
Coverings
Pericardium : Membrane sac that encloses the heart ; 2 portions
Outer : Tough connective tissue fibrous pericardium
Inner : More delicate, double - layered serous pericardium consists of :
Visceral pericardium (epicardium) : Inner layer of serous membrane (covers heart)
Pericardial Cavity : Space between visceral & parietal layers which contains serous fluids for reducing friction between layers
Parietal pericardium : Outer layer of serous membrane , lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
Structure
Base (Top) : Lies beneath 2nd rib
Location : lies between lungs, anterior to vertebral column , behind sternum
Size =(adult) 14cm long & 9cm wide (fists size)
Heart = hollow , cone shaped, muscular pump w/ in the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
Apex ( Bottom) : extends to 5th intercostal space
ABO, Rh blood types
Blood groups & transfusions
Before transfusion is given , the donor & recipient blood must test for compatibility
ABO blood types, including Rh factor, should be the same in the donor & recipient ( if possible)
Blood = different types and only certain combos are compatible for transfusion
Antigen & antibodies
Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion = "aggutination"(occurs when a person is given a transfusion of incompatible blood)
When a transfusion reaction occurs, antibodies (agglutinogens) on surface of donors RBC
Antibody : Protein produced by immune system of attack a specific antigen not found on the persons own cells
Transfusions reaction produce serious effect : Anxiety, breathing problems, flushing, severe pain, lysis of RBC, hemoglobin release, & jaundice (kidney failure)
Antigen : Molecule that evokes an immune response
32 known RBC antigens ; only a few of these antigens produce transfusions reaction ( these include antigens of ABO & Rh groups)
ABO Blood groups
Universal Donor
O
Can be transfused into a person w/ any of 4 blood types
RBC membranes = no antigen
Universal Recipient
AB
Plasma = no A / B Antibodies
Can recieve transfusion of RBC from any of 4 blood types
Permissible blood types for transfusion
Recipieal Blood Type
B-
Preferred Blood Type : B-
Permissible Blood Types of donor : O -
AB-
Preferred Blood Type : AB -
Permissible Blood Types of donor : A -, B-, O -
A -
Permissible Blood Types of donor : O-
Preferred Blood Type : A -
O-
Preferred Blood Type : O -
Permissible Blood Types of donor : None
A +
Preferred Blood Type : A +
Permissible Blood Types of donor : A -, O -, O +
B+
Preferred Blood Type : B +
Permissible Blood Types of donor : B - , O - , O +
AB+
Preferred Blood Type : AB +
Permissible Blood Types of donor : AB - , A -, A + , B - , B + , O - , O +
O+
Preferred Blood Type : O +
Permissible Blood Types of donor : O -
Blood Type
B
Antigen : B
Antibody : A
AB
Antigen : A & B
Antibody : Neither A or B
A
Antigen : A
Antibody : B
O
Antigen: None
Antibody : Both A & B
Type O : No antigen on RBC but both antibodies in plasma (Universal donor)
Type AB :Has both A & B antigens on RBC but neither type of antibody in plasma (Universal recipient )
Type B : Has Antigen B on RBC and antigen antibody A in plasma
Types A : Has Antigen A on RBC membranes & Antigen B antibodies in plasma
Blood types based on presence or absence of 2 important antigens on RBC membranes : Antigen A & Antigen B ( blood type is inherited)
Rh Blood Group
RhoGam = type of anti Rh antibody that shields fetus RBC from mothers immune system (during birth)
2 ways of coming contact
Pregnancy
Trasnfusion
No antibodies (Unless an Rh + comes in contact with Rh - , body will develop anti Rh antibodies)
Antigen D (Rh factor) = present, blood = Rh positive ( absent = Rh -)
Rh antigens or factors
Cardiac cycle
Pressure & Volume Changes
When ventricular pressure = lower than atrial, Av vales open and process starts again
During ventricle systole, papillary muscles contract, pulling on chordae tendinae( heart strings) preventing back flow of blood through AV valves
During ventricle diastole, pressure inside them increases sharply, (causes AV vales to close & aortic/ pulmonary valves to open)
Pressure inside atria rise further forcing remaining blood into ventricles
70% of blood flows passively from atria into ventricles before atria contract
Early ventricular
Pressure in atria = greater than ventricles (forces AV valves open allowing ventricles to fill )
Blood flow through the heart and body
Left ventricles contrast, closing the mitral valve, opening the aortic semilunar valve & pumping into aorta for distribution to systemic circuit of body
Left atrium pumps blood through the mitral ( bicuspid) valve into left ventricle
oxygen rich blood flows back to left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to lungs where it enters alveolar capillaries , site of gas exchange w/ alveoli of lungs ( here blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen)
Right ventricles contract , closing tricuspid valve & forcing blood through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk & arteries
Right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle
Oxygen poor blood returns to right atrium via the superior / inferior venae cava & coronary sinus
Two circuits (subdivisions) for blood flow w/ respect to gas exchange
Pulmonary : Blood flow between heart & lungs
Systemic : Blood flow between heart & body tissues
Blood supply to heart
Cardiac veins drain blood from the heart muscles & carry it to the coronary sinus (large vein that empties into the right atrium)
Branches of the coronary arteries often have connections called "anastomoses"(Provide alternate pathways for blood , in case a pathway becomes blocked)
Branches off coronary arteries feed many capillaries of the myocardium
Right & left coronary arteries : First branches off aorta which carry oxygen rich blood to heart
Layers of Heart
Wall of heart = 3 layers
Myocardium : Middle layer ; consists of cardiac muscle & is the thickest layer of wall (pumps blood out out of the heart chambers (function))
Endocardium : Inner most layer ; made up of connective & epithelium ; continous w/ the endothelium of major vessles joining the heart (contains the purkinje fibers(part of cardiac conduction system))
Epicardium ( Visceral pericardium) Outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective & epithelium ; decreases friction in the heart
Major blood vessels ( name the arteries and veins) & structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Blood Vessels form a closed circuit that carries blood away from the heart , to the cells, & back again
Capillaries
Connect small arterioles to small venules
They consist only a layer of endothelium, through w/ substances are exchanged w/ tissue cells (diffusion)
Blood vessels w/ the smaller diameter
Exchange in capillaries
Direction of diffusion depends on concentration gradients
Blood pressure moves blood through lumen of arteries & arterioles
Blood entering capillaries contains high concentrations of oxygen & nutrients , that diffuse from the capillaries into the tissues
Blood pressure decreases w/ the distance from the heart , so BP = greatest in arteries , lower in arterioles, & even lower in capillaries ( lowest in veins)
Constant exchange of respiratory gases , nutrients, & metabolic wastes occurs between capillary & tissue fluid near the body cells, via mostly diffusion
BP is higher in arteriolar end of capillaries than in the venular end
Function : Allows nutrients , gases , & wastes to be exchanged between blood & tissue fluid : connects an arteriole to a venule
Venules / veins
Venules
Thinner wall than in an arteriole; less smooth & elastic connective tissue
Function : connects a capillary to a vein
vein
Thinner wall than an artery but w/ similar layers ; vein middle layer is much thinner ; some veins have flap - like valves
Function : Transports blood under - relatively low pressure form a venule to the heart ; valves prevent backflow of blood ; serves as blood resevoir
Vasocontriction of veins in times of blood loss can almost restore normal BP after 25% of blood being lost to a hemorrhage
BP in vein is lower than in the artery
Lumen of a vein is larger than in the artery
Walls of veins have the same 3 layers as arteries , except that the muscle layer is thinner & they have flap like vales to prevent back flow of blood
Contraction of skeletal muscles squeeze blood back up veins one valve section at a time
Venules leaving from capillaries merge from larger veins that return blood to the heart
Arterioles
Thinner walls than arteries but w/ 3 layers
Smaller arterioles have an endothelial lining, some smooth tissue & a small amount of connective tissue
Function
Help control blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodialating
Connects an artery to a capillary
Arteries
Strong, Thick, elastic, adapted for carrying high blood pressure
Function: Transport blood away from heart
3 layers
Tunica Interna : Innermost endothelial layer composed of simple squamous
Creates sooth surface to prevents clots
Secretes biochemicals to prevent platelet aggregation
Secretes substances to regulate blood flow
Tunicamedia : Thick middle layer ; composed of smooth muscle
Tunicexterna : Outermost connective tissue layer ; thin
Attaches artery to surrounding tissue
Vital signs (BP and pulse)
Arterial BP
ABP = no greater than 120 / 80 ( systolic / diastolic) at rest in normal
BP decreases as distances from the left ventricle increases
Sphygmomanometer : Used to measure aterial BP
Alternating expansion & recoil of the wall of the an artery as the ventricles contract & relax can be felt at certain points in body as pulse
Diastole Pressure : Min. pressure reached during ventricular relaxation ( diastole) ( just before next contraction )
Common pulse : Points include the radial artery , carotid artery, brachial artery, & femoral artery
Systolic pressure : Max. arterial pressure reached during ventricular contraction ( systole)
Factors influence ABP
Depends on many factors , including cardiac output, blood volume, & blood viscosity
Cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate
Stroke volume : Amount of blood discharged from each ventricle w/ each contraction ( 70 mL )
Heart Rate : # of heart beats per min ( average = 72 bpm)
Average CO : 70 mL x 72 bpm = 5049 ml/ min
Blood Volume
Average adult BV = 5L , 8 % of body weight
BP = directly proportional to BV
varies w/ age , body size. & sex
Factors that change BV also affect BP
Sum of volume =s of the plasma & formed elements
Hemorrhage of dehydration lowers the blood volume & BP
Viscosity :
Greater the blood viscosity , the greater the resistance to flow & the greater the bP
Peripheral Resistance (PR)
Friction between blood & walls of blood vessels is a force = PR ; BP has to overcome the PR to keep flowing
Control of BP
PR also controls BP
Sympathetic nerves change teh diamter of arteroilesin response to BP changes
Blood vessels w/ smaller diameter provide greater resistance to blood flow
Vasodilation will decrease PR & BP
Vasocontriction will increase BP & PR
Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction
Changes in arterolar diamter changes in BP
Other factors such as emotional upset , exercise, & arise in temp. can result in increase cardiac output & increased BP ( inverse relationship between the volume & pressure)
CO & PR are partially controlled by barorceptor reflexus
Baroreceptors sense changes in BP (Locates in aortic arch & carotid)
A stronger contraction increases stroke volume & cardiac output
Body maintains normal BP by adjusting CO & PR
Determined by cardiac output ( CO) & PR
BP = CO x PR
BP usually refers to systemic arterial pressure
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
Blood pressure exerts against inner walls of blood vessels
Major components and functions of Blood
White Blood Cells
Types of WBC
Eosinophils : Make up 1% - 3% of circulating leukocytes ; kill certain parasites & moderate inflammation
Basophils : Account for 4 % leukocytes ; promote inflammation by secreting heparin & histamine
Neutrophils : compromise 50% - 70% of leukocytes ; strong phagocytes
Agranulocytes : DON"T have a granular cytoplasm ; long life span
Granulocoytes: Granular cytoplasm ; life span = 12 hours
Monocytes : Make up 3% - 9% of circulating leukocytes ; strong phagocytes ; migrate yo some tissue & differentiate into microphages
Lymphocytes : Long lived ( many years) ; account for 25% - 33% of circulating leukocytes ; responsible for immunity ; attack specific foreign pathogens
Help defend the body against disease
Leukocytes
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
Of RBC in circulation determines the blood's oxygen - carrying capacity, so this has an effect on general health
RBC counts are measured & used in diagnosing conditions & assessing the course of various diseases
In fetus , RBC production occurs in yolk sac, liver, & spleen
RBC are produced from haemotopoietic stem cells
Average life span = 120 days
Excessive increase RBC = polycythemia (causes viscous , slow , moving blood & oxygen deficiency )
Dietary Factors Affecting RBC production
Iron : Needed for hemoglobin synthesis; most come form recycling old RBC
Platelets
Thrombocytes : Fragments of large cells in red bone marrow
Help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges ; the stoppage of bleeding = hemostasis
Low platelet count increase risk of internal bleeding
A type if connective tissue w/ a fluid matrix
Major components and functions of Blood