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STATE USE (unrestrictive use) "I have a great personality, but...…
STATE USE (unrestrictive use)
"I have a great personality, but...."
A - expressing a temporary stable state of affairs
"I live in a flat"
STATE VERBS
(stative/anti-progressive verbs)
verbs of inert cognition: unterstand, know, believe
ACTIVE COGNITION
"I am thinking..."
verbs of attitude (volition and feeling): hate, hope, intend, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
verbs of inert/involuntary perceptivo: see, hear, smell, tate
ACTIVE PERCEPTION
"I am smelling... "
verbs of having and being:
be, have, belong to, contain, consist of, cost, depend on, deserve, have matter, own, resemble
"this juice tastes good"
"we have lived in London since last September"
B - unrestrictive state - permanent situations / eternal truths
"water boils at 100°C"
Eternal truths
"Rome is in italy"
STATE VERBS
(anti-progressive verbs - incompatible)
VERBS OF INERT/INVOLUTARY PERCEPTION:
see, hear, taste, smell, feel, ...
= the perceiver is passively
receptive
VERBS OF INERT COGNITION:
understand, know, believe, …
= do not involve conscious effort
VERBS OF ATTITUDE
(denoting a volition or feeling):
hate, hope, intend, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish, dislike, feel
STATE VERBS OF HAVING AND BEING:
be, have, belong to, contain, consist of, cost, depend on, deserve, have, matter, own, resemble,..
VERBS OF BODILY SENSATION
(verbs which describe the way we feel physically):
ache, feel, itch, tingle, love, ...
"My knee hurts VS. My knee is hurting."
"I love it" - "I'm loving it"
= no noticeble change of meaning
EVENT (dynamic / action) VERBS
WITH the PROGRESSIVE aspect
MOMENTARY VERBS:
knock, nod, open, hit, jump, …
"He was nodding."
= series of events
TRANSATIONAL VERBS:
arrive, fall, lose, die, leave
"The train was arriving."
= approach to a transition
ACTIVITY VERBS:
drink, eat, write, ask, call
"I'm writing a letter."
= deliberate action
PROCESS VERBS:
change, grow, become, get
"The weather is changing for the better."
= gradual development
HISTORIC PRESENT
(past reference)
"the magazine SAYS we can lose 50 ponds...."
with VERBS OF COMMUNICATION: tell, write, learn, hear, ...
limited contexts: oral narratives, story teeling; discussing an artist work; newspaper headlines; captionsto photographs
"all of the sudden there is a knock at the door and Sam rushes in"
PAST
UNITARY PAST
single past event
the steam engine was invented in 1775
HABITUAL PAST
repeated event in the past
"as a boy I went to school by bus"
PAST PROGRESSIVE
add INDIRECTNESS & POLITENESS
"I was hoping you would help me with..."
present perfect simple
RESULTATIVE PAST
result of the event is STILL operative (visible, tangible)
"he's cut his hand with a knife" (cut's still there)
INDEFINITE PAST
"Hace you asked your boss to...)
time is left unspecified
with event verbs
"he's a man who has experienced great suffering"
"I've been to America several times"
newspapers reports often report events using present perfect simple, butthen go on using past tense
in if-clauses/time clauses/defining relative clauses - presentperfect tense - can refer to future time
event verbs
(dynamic/action)
EVENT USE
"I now pronounce you husband and wife."
simultaneous with the present act of speaking
no duration beyond speech time
duration is very short
event seen as a whole
"I beg you pardon."
"I (hereby) sentence you to"
performative utterances
performative verbs: promise, name, bet, agree, swear, declare, order, predict, warn, insist, declare or refuse
HABITUAL USE
"Every night i I drink chocolate milk, eat sugar cereals, then run around...."
"we don't go out much in the evenings"
I lecture here twice a week"
with ADVERBIALS OF FREQUENCY + event/dynamic verbs
repeated events covering an UNSPECIFIED time (not necessarily at the moment of speaking)
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
TEMPORAL FRAME
event interrupts a longer action
"When we arrived she was making some fresh coffee"
PROGRESSIVE aspect
temporariness - NOT permanent
duration
"he is opening the cage now
potential incompleteness
"I was drowning, when sb saved me"
limited duration
"I'm taking dancing lessons this winter"
temporary habit
habit in existence over a limited period
FUTURATE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
present arrangement/plan/programm
"I am leaving you, and I am taking TV"
by virtue of a PLAN, PROGRAMME OR ARRANGEMENT
arrengement already made
suggests only very slight possibility of change
used with a FUTURE TIME REFERENCE
"I'm taking Mary out for dinner this evening" = I've already asked her andbooked a table
anniyance/criticism
"Why are you always using my pen?"
SIMPLE PRESENT
IMAGINARY USE
imaginary present time
(drama heightening)
Stage diractions
"He sits on the bed and take off his shoes...."
summaries of plots (books, films, ...)
"He tries to escape, is caught, ...
travel itinerary
"fromthere we climb the hill to the East and descen..."
instruction booklets
STATE-UP-TO-THE-PRESENT
"I've always been a high achiever..."
extents over a period lasting up to the present moment (may extend into the future)
habit in a period leading up to the present
with event verbs
adverbial of duration/frequency usually required
"Mr. Phillips has sung in this choir for fifty years"
"I've always walked to work"
FUTURE
WILL
BELIEVE and CONJECTURE
A
NEUTRAL PREDICTION
(shall) will
"You will feel better after a good night sleep"
PRESENT VS. PAST prediction
check the adverbial:
belief, conjecture, reference to present time
"The plane will be ready for its test flight by NOW."
PAST IN THE FUTURE
State or event seen in the past from a viewpoint in the future
"By this time next month you will have written at least three tests"
needs perfect aspect
belief, conjecture, reference to past time
"The plane will have landed by now."
future meaning
"The plane will be ready for its test flight TOMORROW."
GENERAL PREDICTABILITY
general predictions; often in (quasi-)scientific statements:
"If litmus paper is dipped in acid, it will turn red."
HABITUAL PREDICTABILITY
typical or characteristic behaviour and proverbs:
"She'll go all day without eating."
"Boys will be boys"
"Truth will out"
PREDICTION – PREDICTABILITY
(very common; ≈ it is predictable that)
B
WILLINGNESS
weak VOLITION
(spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking)
"I'll lend you the money"
"Will you please open the door for me?"
INTENTION
intermediate VOLITION
spontaneous decision at the moment of speaking
"I'll write tomorrow"
"I won't go out tonight"
INSISTENCE
strong VOLLITION
(will always stressed)
"He will go to the dance!
"He will go swimming even whenhe is ill (he insists)
IMPERATIVE WILL
(2º and 3º person subjects)
"You will do as I say"
The officer will report for duty at 0700 hours"
PRESENT
progressive aspect with state verbs of having and being
"he is tasting the milk to see if it's ok"