organic compounds

Hybridisation

concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give a degenerated new form of orbitals with the same energy levels

form new orbitals of different energies and shapes than the initial orbitals is hybridization

Electrophilic addition of water

Electrophilic hydration is the act of adding electrophilic hydrogen from a non-nucleophilic strong acid (a reusable catalyst) and applying appropriate temperatures to break the alkene's double bond.

Stability of carbocations

tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl

factors that determine carbocation stability are adjacent multiple bonds; lone pairs and carbon atoms. An adjacent π bond allows the positive charge to be delocalized by resonance.

Use of free radical polymerisation

carbocation is a molecule in which a carbon atom has a positive charge and three bonds

polystyrene

radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions. These substances generally possess weak bonds—bonds that have small bond dissociation energies

initiation> propagation > termination


Free radicals are atoms that contain an unpaired electron

Cracking of hydrocarbons

a reaction where larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules

Crude oil is a finite resource. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation. Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons.

hexane can be cracked to form butane and ethene:


hexane → butane + ethene
C6H14 → C4H10 + C2H4

Combustion of alkanes

a chemical reaction with oxygen in which alkane is converted into carbon dioxide and water with the release of heat energy

happens between a fuel and oxygen (oxidant), giving out gaseous products, also termed as smoke

Alkane is referred to as a saturated open chain hydrocarbon consisting of carbon-carbon single bonds.