organic compounds
Hybridisation
concept of mixing two atomic orbitals to give a degenerated new form of orbitals with the same energy levels
form new orbitals of different energies and shapes than the initial orbitals is hybridization
Electrophilic addition of water
Electrophilic hydration is the act of adding electrophilic hydrogen from a non-nucleophilic strong acid (a reusable catalyst) and applying appropriate temperatures to break the alkene's double bond.
Stability of carbocations
tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl
factors that determine carbocation stability are adjacent multiple bonds; lone pairs and carbon atoms. An adjacent π bond allows the positive charge to be delocalized by resonance.
Use of free radical polymerisation
carbocation is a molecule in which a carbon atom has a positive charge and three bonds
polystyrene
radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions. These substances generally possess weak bonds—bonds that have small bond dissociation energies
initiation> propagation > termination
Free radicals are atoms that contain an unpaired electron
Cracking of hydrocarbons
a reaction where larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules
Crude oil is a finite resource. Petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional distillation. Cracking is used to convert long alkanes into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons.
hexane can be cracked to form butane and ethene:
hexane → butane + ethene
C6H14 → C4H10 + C2H4
Combustion of alkanes
a chemical reaction with oxygen in which alkane is converted into carbon dioxide and water with the release of heat energy
happens between a fuel and oxygen (oxidant), giving out gaseous products, also termed as smoke
Alkane is referred to as a saturated open chain hydrocarbon consisting of carbon-carbon single bonds.