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Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling…

- - - - Derived most of their C from the translocation of photosynthetic products
      - Can assimilate dissolved inorganic C
      - Recycling organic and inorganic compound between the zooxanthellae and host
      - Mucus secreted contains much less N than non-zooxanthellae species
      - Considered as "bottle-neck" in the N and P cycles
    - - Acquire C, N and P predominantly through predation on zooplankton
      - Can assimilate free amino acid (FAA)
      - Likely to simultaneously exert substantial 'bottom-up' influences on plankton production via recycling the nutrients
- - - - Acquired from assimilating organic substances from ingestion of prey
        
        Taking up small amounts of dissolved organic material, and some species actively take up dissolved
        inorganic forms.
        
        Undigested material
        
        Egested as faeces
        
        Released via sloppy feeding
        
        Ingested material
        
        Incorporated into biomass
    - - Important source of N for corals, whose growth is considered to
        be N-limited.
    - - Used by zooxanthellate medusae in the formation of pigments that filter injurious solar radiation.
    - - The nutrients regenerated by blooms of jellyfish via excretion, mucus production or decomposition may influence plankton production
    - - The predominant forms of DOM produced by jellyfish (e.g. DFAAs and DPAs) are labile, suggesting there could be tight coupling between excretion of DOM by jellyfish and bacterioplankton production
  - - - Heavy- and radio-isotopes may make assimilation efficiencies easier to quantify.
        Research on recycling of nutrients has largely focused on excretion of inorganic forms.
  - - - Primary requirement for a complete understanding of nutrient cycling.
      - Elemental budgets have been calculated for several zooxanthellate taxa.
      - Very few budgets have been completed for non-zooxanthellate coelenterates
    - - Have been estimated for relatively few taxa, probably due to the difficulties in quantifying egestion rates, but are fundamental to the completion of elemental budgets.
    - - • Greater focus on excretion of organic nutrients is required due to their potential importance in supporting bacterioplankton production.
        • The area perhaps lack of information, but is also the influence of decomposing medusae on the ecology and nutrient and oxygen dynamics of the water column and benthos.