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Concept Map: 07 Endocrine by ivan ceballos in p.2 - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map: 07 Endocrine by ivan ceballos in p.2
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
positive feedback:
response that continues to increase in order to produce the desired effect. An example of a positive feedback mechanism is the release and response of oxytocin during childbirth.
negative feedback
: the negative feedback mechanism control hormone release. so in a negative feedback system, a gland is sensitive to the concentration of the substance it regulates. EX: as
the hormones level rise
, the hormone exerts its effects,
further secretion is inhibited by negative feedback
, and then hormone secretion decreases
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
parathyroid glands: PTH increase blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration. PTH stimulates bone resorption by osteoclast , which release calcium into the blood.
thyroid gland: 2 hormones of the thyroid gland help control caloric intake, and 1 help regulate blood calcium level and bone growth
adrenal glands: has two hormones that it secrete, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine which responsible for the fight or flight response in stress situation. the effect is increase heart rate, blood pressure and blood glucose,dilate airways, decrease digestive activities
pancreas: the pancreatic hormones control level of blood glucose by using insulin( decrease the blood level of glucose) and glucagon(increase the blood level of glucose) which coordinate to maintain a relatively stable blood glucose concentration
pineal gland: secrete melatonin, which is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms of the body
pituitary gland
anterior pituitary: Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control the secretion from the anterior pituitary andThese hormones are carried in the bloodstream directly to the anterior pituitary by hypophyseal portal veins
posterior pituitary: release these hormones into the blood in response to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus .
thymus gland: secrete thymosins that affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes( which are important in immunity) fun fact, the gland is largest in childern, and shrinks with age
reproductive glands (ovaries and testes):
the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
the testes produces testosterone
the placenta produses estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
other endcine gland
kidney: secrete erythropoietin for blood cell production
heart: secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, which affects sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
digestive gland:the digestive gland secrete hormones associated with the stomach and small intestine for the processes of digestion
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each category
Nonsteroids
: amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins,
which are produced from amino acids
EX; growth hormone, gh imbalances, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, acth
the different between steroid and non-steroid hormones is that steriod derived from cholesterol, while non steroids hormones like amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins,
are are produced from amino acids
Steroids
or steroid-like substances, which are derived from
cholesterol
EX:
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
parathyroid hormones disorder:
Hypoparathyroidism:
deficiency of PTH, due to surgical removal or injury to glands, which results in a decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism:
excess of PTH, perhaps due to
parathyroid tumor, which results in an increase in blood calcium
disorder of adrenal hormones
:
Addison disease:
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
Cushing syndrome:
hypersecretion of adrenal cortical
hormones
Thyroid disorders:
•
hypothyroidism
:under-activity of the thyroid gland and cause low metabolic rate, fatigue and weight gain in adults •
hyperthyroidism
:over-activity of the thyroid gland and cause high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating in adults
Major functions of the endocrine system
endocrine gland(made out of cells, tissues, and organs) secretes hormones
Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on specific target cells some distance away
the endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain hormones
Certain glands can secrete messenger molecules that never reach the bloodstream, so they are not true hormones; they are called “local hormones,” EX: paracrine secretions:affect neighboring cells and autocrine secretions: affect only the secretory cells
The body has 2 major types of glands,
exocrine
: secretes products into ducts, outside the internal environment and
endocrine
: secrete hormones into body fluids to affect target cells.