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Rousseau, Language becomes more complex alongside social structures.,…
Rousseau
Introduction
Iluminism
We are moved by pleasure and pain (Ephicurism) and thus the ruler should reward good behavior and punish the bad.
Religion opposes reason, common sense, and our natural desires.
Man is capable of making his own choices and constantly changes, a being capable of compassion, who will strive to protect others and live in community, abandoning his particular will to adopt a general will.
Romanticism
We are innocent in nature, but society corrupts us by making us self-centered. Poor men are closer to nature and thus to their own emotions.
Since living in a society creates inequality, the social contract is meant to give it some legitimacy.
State of nature
There's no unchangeable human nature: it is molded by institutions. Thus, the natural man only exists when alone in the state of nature, being similar to other animals, unlike what Locke and Hobbes thought.
In the state of nature, we are moved first by self preservation and then compassion (aversion to the suffering of others), and have simple and very few desires.
Although we are unequal in nature (age, talent, etc) true inequality only arises in society: wealth, prestige, etc.
There are no rules of morality, and thus we make some with our rationality and eventually learn how to live in society.
This leads to the creation of private property, which Rousseau opposes, as the Earth has no owner.
Society
Neither the slave nor the owner are free, for both rely on one another.
Once we leave the isolation of the state of nature, we begin to worry about the opinions of others, and our self-love becomes egoism.
The social contract exists purely by consent and seeks to protect life and stability, but has no right to take away someone's freedom.
Initially, the social contract takes away everyone's freedom in order to later give it back, thus no
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Development of society
In the beginning of sedentarism, there's little competition as there's plenty of land.
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In primitive societies, which Hobbes considered the SN, the law is "an eye for an eye".
Eventually, rationality allows the development of the first property laws, thus theft and classes, with the powerful using crime in their favor.
The people create a political structure based on the social contract, and can abandon it if they wish, having a mutual relationship with the ruler.
In time, a false notion that servitude is natural is developed.
Rich x Poor Inequality < Powerful x Weak < Lord x Slave, and if there's complete inquelatiy, we have despotism which leads to another state of nature.
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