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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS - Coggle Diagram
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
DYNASTIC UNION OF CASTILLA AND ARAGÓN
At the end of the 15th century
the Catholic Monarchs
Isabella I of Castilla (1474-1504)
Ferdinand II of Aragón(1475-1516)
established an authoritarian monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula.
The same happened in
France
England
In 1469
Isabella(half-sister of Henry IV of Castilla) and Ferdinand(Crown Prince of Aragón) got married
In 1474
King of Castilla died
A civil war broke out between
the followers of his daughter, Joanna la Beltraneja
who had support of Portugal
the followers of Isabella
who had support of Aragón
In 1479
The civil war ended
Victory of Isabella
Ferdinand became the King of Aragón
after his father's death
The dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón was formed
thus, not the creation of a unitary state
As a single state was not created
It was named the Hispanic Monarchy.
Catholic Monarchs
played a very important role in
Spanish and world history.
They established the present-day territory of the Spanish State.
They completed the Reconquest
in return, the Pope named them the Catholic Monarchs'
They ended the religious diversity that existed in Medieval Spain
They financed Christopher Columbus' expedition,
Discovery of America
It had a great impact on
the historical development of the modern Western world.
They converted the Hispanic Monarchy into a great power in
In Europe
In the Americas
Each kingdom retained its own
Institutions
laws
language
currency
DOMESTIC REFORMS
To centralise power
The number of royal officials was increased
Institutions
existing ones were reformed
new ones were established
Objectives
reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy
The power of the General Courts was reduced.
The position of viceroy was created
Represented the monarchs in their absence
The Inquisition was established in the kingdom of Castilla in 1478
It was reformed in Aragón
to persecute false conversions
A religious court controlled by the Crown.
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies
In Castilla
monarchs appointed the mayors, who ran city councils.
In Aragón
Sortition system
local governors were selected by lottery
was mantained
To improve international relations
The diplomatic corps
was expanded
represented the monarchs in other kingdoms
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy
The Crown of Aragón
mantained the pact tradition
the king made decisions
with the approval of the regional institutions
To weaken the power of the nobility
Permanent army formed by mercenaries
that could overpower the militias of the nobility
Permission from the Pope to place Military Orders
under the monarch's control
lands
properties
Territories
Council of Castilla or Royal Council
Aragón and Navarra were also important
Train officials began to replace nobles
in this institutions
Specific matters
Castilian military orders were managed by
The Council of Military orders
concerning morals and faith
The Council of the Supreme Inquisition
Royal treasury
was given greater control to
control
Administrate
tax collection
The judicial system of Castilla was
restructured through the
audiencias
(appellate courts) of
Valladolid
Granada
judges appointed the kings
Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood) militia
fight crime
keep the peace
in rural Castilla.
RELIGIOUS POLICY
Main political objective
to establish religious unity in the Catholic Monarch's domains
Their aim
to prevent
revolts
internal divisions
To expel the Jews and Muslims.
Jews
persecuted by Christians
towards the end of the Middle Ages.
In the 15th century
the anti-Semitism increased
Christians believed that the Jews offended God
Some of them were bankers
many Christians owed them money
in 1492
monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity.
Those who didn't obey
had to sell their assets at a loss
leave their homes
were named Shepardic Jews
Those who converted to Christianity
were known as
conversos
were investigated and persecuted by the inquisition
to prevent them from practising their old religion in secret
Mudéjar
Muslims who lived in Christian territories
After the conquest of Granada in 1492
Cardinal Cisneros
forced them to be baptised
many of them revolted in the Alpujarras (Andalucía)
Expelled from
Castilla in 1502
Aragón in 1526
Those who converted
Moriscos
were also persecuted by the Inquisition
Most of them were farmers
their departure had a negative impact on agriculture
Autos de fé
public declaration of the judgment
passed on people
tried in the courts of the Spanish Inquisition
FOREIGN POLICY
The Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
the unification of the Iberian Peninsula
the isolation of France
consolidation of the Crown of Aragón
the expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic and military strategies were used to achieve these
Diplomatic
political agreements or alliances
by marrying the monarchs' children to
kings
Princes
of other European kingdoms.
Union with Portugal
Isabella of Aragón married King Manuel I of Portugal
Their son, Miguel, was due to inherit
the three kingdoms
but both mother and son died
Maria, one of the monarchs' other daughters,
was married to King Manuel I of Portugal
Isolation of France
In 1493
agreement with France
Roussillon and Cerdanya were returned to Aragón
France continued to be their main enemy.
monarchs married their children to
English princes (France's enemy)
Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
Austria
Burgundy.
Military
military conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
In 1492
Boabdil, the ruler of the kingdom of Granada
surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
In 1512
Ferdinand the Catholic conquered Navarra
to prevent
alliances with France
It became part of the Crown of Castilla.
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Northern Africa
1497-1510
enclaves which Berber pirates operated from were conquered
Melilla
Oran
Bugia
Ceuta
onquered by the kingdom of Portugal
Italy
The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba the Great Captain
defeated
the French
at the battles of
Cerignola
Garigliano 1503
secured the Aragónese territories of
Naples
Sicily
Sardinia
The Atlantic Ocean.
The Canary Islands were conquered
following the subjugation of their inhabitants
the Guanches (1478-1496)
stop off point for Christopher Columbus' first voyage
to the Americas in 1492
The Catholic Monarchs governed the territories of the
Hispanic Monarchy
for +25years
When Isabella died in 1504
her daughter Juana I succeeded her
her mental ilness (due to the death of Felipe the Handsome)
death of Isabella I
obliged Ferdinand II the Catholic' to become regent of Castilla
When Ferdinand died in 1516
Cardinal Cisneros became regent
until Isabella and Ferdinand's grandson
1 more item...
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Crown of Castilla
The exportation of wool was very important.
Transhumance livestock farming developed
shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep
between seasons in search of new pastures
the northern meseta in summer
headed south in winter
They travelled along paths
cañadas reales
Catholic Monarchs received taxes from the wool trade
consequently
they gave numerous privileges to the association of shepherds
Honrado Concejo de la Mesta (Honourable Council of the Mesta)
In 1494
Burgos Consulate
to control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports
Bilbao
Santander
to the textile industries of
Flanders
England
Others
The Spanish textile industry
developed just enough to cover domestic demand
Agriculture
suffered due to the increase in livestock farming
The amount of pasture land increased
it replaced the land dedicated to growing crops
In Andalucia
substantial vineyards
Wine
olive groves
Oil
were mantained
During the 16th century
main source of wealth
precious metals from the Americas
Gold
Silve
Crown of Aragon
the crisis of the 14th century
provoked an increase in feudal(nobility) abuses
Taxes
Fines
other arbitrary measures
imposed by feudal lords
the number of available resources declined
Those abuses
led to a peasant uprising
War of the Remences
Ferdinand the Catholic' stopped the feudal abuses of the nobility
Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
Trade in the Mediterranean
incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón
Main ports
Valencia
Barcelona
Trade
benefitted other economic activities
shipbuilding
textile industry
Monarchs protected local industry
by placing
taxes
duties
on foreign products
To compensate the nobility for their loss of political power
primogeniture
strengthened their economic power.
all the family assets were inherited by the first born
assets could not be bought or sold.
creation of extremely powerful families
economic and demographic crises of the 14th century
cereal farming went into decline
source of conflict for those searching for alternatives
ART AND CULTURE
new humanist and Renaissance ideas
pread from Europe
Hispanic kingdoms medieval traditions
maintained their importance.
Characteristics Spanish Renaissance
increase in the importance of the Castilian language
Antonio de Nebrija
The philologist
historian
first grammar of this language in 1492
foundation of new universities and the spread of printing press
Cardinal Cisneros
founder of Alcalá de Henares University
financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
written in
Latin
Greek
Hebrew
Chaldean
The most important humanist
Juan Luis Vives
Converted Jew
went into exile to escape the Inquisition
pent the rest of his life in
Flanders
England
follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
proposed the creation of social services for
the poor
educational reforms
The Gothic artistic style was maintained.
In architecture
Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
Isabelline style' (Isabelline Gothic)
Cardinal Cisneros, the Cisneros style'
In sculpture
Domenico Fancelli
very important artist
sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada
In painting
the works of Pedro Berruguete
greatly influenced by the Flemish style
THE INQUISITION
established in Castilla in 1478
religious court that persecuted those who
committed crimes against the faith
false converts
It was led by a general inquisitor.
friar Thomas de Torquemada was the most famous one
due to his extreme cruelty.
Sentences were made public in acts called.
autos de fé
