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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
15th century
Isabella I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragon established an authoritarian monarchy
1.1 Dynastic union of Castilla and Aragon
1469
Isabella married Ferdinand
Isabella -> half-sister of Henry IV of Castilla
Ferdinand -> Crown prince of Aragón
1474
King of Castilla dies
Civil-war broke out
between
followers of Isabella
Had the support of Aragón
followers of Joanna la Beltraneja
Daughter of the king of Castila
Had the support of Portugal
1479
End of the civil-war
Victory of Isabella
Ferdinand becomes King of Aragón after the death of his father
dynastic union (not unitary state) between
Castilla
Aragón
1.2 Domestic reforms
Catholic monarchs made
domestic reforms
to centralise the power
existing institutions reformed
new institutions created
number of royal officials increased
Reforms established with 4 objectives
To reduce the autonomy of the Hispanic monarchies
The power of the General Courts was reduced
The position of
viceroy
is created to represent the monarchs when needed
Inquisition is created in Castilla and reformed in Aragón to persecute false conversions
To reduce the autonomy of the oligarchies
In Castilla, the monarchs selected the mayors
In Aragón, the mayors were selected by lottery
To weaken the power of the nobility
Royal treasury had more power to control the taxes
Councils
Council of military orders managed the military orders
Council of the Supreme inquisition dealt with moral and faith
Trained officials replaced nobles in castilla, aragón and navarra councils and controlled the territories
Pope's permission to pleace military orders under the monarchs' control
councils of experts advised about:
The judicial system that changed with the audiencias
The militia called Santa Hermandad, created to keep the peace in rural Castilla
Army of mercenaries more powerful than nobilities' militias
To improve international relations
The diplomatic corps were expanded to represent the monarchs internationally
1.3 Religious policy
Catholic monarchs' main political objective
establish religious unity in their reign
Catholic monarchs expelled Jews and Muslims from the peninsula
Jews
In 15th century, anti-semitism increased
Anti-semitism by the Christians to the Jews
Some were bankers and Christians owed them money
In 1492, Jews were forced to covert to Christianity
Those who did not convert (Sephardic Jews)
Had to
sell all their assets in a loss
leave their homes
Those who convert (Conversos)
Investigated and persecuted by the Inquisition
Muslims
Muslims living in Christian territory = Mudéjar
1492
Cardinal Cisneros forced them to baptise
Those who convert (Moriscos)
Were also persecuted and investigated by the inquisition
Those who did not convert
Were expelled from the peninsula
As may of them were farmers
the agriculture had a negative impact with the expel of the Muslims
They revolted in Las Alpujarras in Andalucía
Were expelled from Castilla in 1502
Were expelled from Aragón in 1526
1.4 Foreign policy
Monarchs' main objectives
Isolation of France
Consolidation of the Crown of Aragón
Unification of the Iberian Peninsula
Expansion across the Atlantic
Monarchs' strategies to aim their objectives
Diplomatic strategies
Union with Portugal
Marrying their daughters with the king Manuel I
Isolation of France
The territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya are returned to Aragon with a agreement in 1493
Monarchs married their children with English princes (France's enemy) and the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
Military strategies
On the Iberian Peninsula
1492
Last existing Muslim state surrendered with Boabdil
1512
Navarra is conquered by Aragón
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
1503
Italy
Frenchs were defeated at the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano
The territories of Aragon in Italy (Naples, Sicily and Sardinia) were secured
1478 - 1496
Atlantic Ocean
Canary islands conquered (and served as stop point for Christopher Columbus' first voyage)
1497 - 1510
Northern Africa (Melilla, Oran and Bugia)
Ceuta is conquered by Portugal
1.5 Economy and society
Crown of Castilla
Transhumance livestock farming
Flocks of sheep migrated in a seasonal cicle
Migrated to northern mesetas in summer
Migrated to southern mesetas in winter
The
cañadas reales
are created
Crown protected paths for the flocks
Honrado concejo de la mesta
The association of shepherds that controlled wool trade
received more privileges as the monarchs received taxes from the wool trade
1494
Burgos consulate is founded
to control wool exportation
From Santander and Bilbao ports
To the textile industries of, for example, Flanders and England
Spanish textile industry sevelops
The Spanish textile industry develops enough to cover domestic demand
Agriculture is replaced by livestock farming
Pasture land replaced crop lands, maintaining vineyards and olive groves
In the 16th century the main source of wealth was the gold and silver of America
Crown of Aragón
Increase in the abuses of the nobility (feudal abuses)
Peasants started a uprising called the War of the Remences
Ferdinand the Catholic stopped the uprising with the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
Trade in the Mediterranean benefitted with the territories of Aragón in Italy
Main ports of Mediterranean trade
Barcelona
Valencia
Shipbuilding and textile industry benefitted by trade
Local products were protected placing duties in foreign products
1.6 Art and culture
humanist ideas spread from Europe during the Catholic Monarchs' reign
Spanish renaissance's characteristics
The founding of new universities and spread of the printing press
The Cardinal Cisneros
Founded the Alcalá de Henares University
Financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
It was written in
Greek
Hebrew
Latin
Chaldean
The important humanist like Juan Luis Vives
Was a converted Jew
Went into exile to escape from the Inquisition
Lived the rest of his life in Flanders and England
Was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
Proposed social services for poor and educational reforms
The increase in the importance of the Castilian
The first Castilian grammar was published by Antonio de Nebrija in 1492
The Gothic was maintained
In sculpture
Domenico Fancelli
Sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs
Was a very important artist
In painting
Pedro Berruguete
Greatly influenced by the Flemish style
In architecture
Main gothic work styles
Isabeline style (commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs)
Cisneros style (commissioned by the Cardinal Cisneros)
Isabella
Henry IV
Ferdinand
Joanna la Beltraneja
Cardinal Cisneros
Pedro berruguete
Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs
Antonio de nebrija
