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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS - Coggle Diagram
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
The dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
In 1469
Isabella married Ferdinand
Isabella I of Castilla
Ferdinand II of Aragon
In 1474
The King of Castilla died
A civil war broke out between
The followers of Joanna la Beltraneja
Had the support of Portugal
The followers of Isabella
Had the support of Aragón
In 1479
The civil war ended
With the victory of Isabella
Ferdinand became the King of Aragón
After the death of his father
Resulted in the dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
This union did not result
In the creation of a unitary state
Each kingdom retained its own
Institutions, laws, language, currency and internal boundaries
As a single state was not created
It is referred to as
The Hispanic Monarchy
Domestic reforms
The Catholic Monarchs
Carried out a series of domestic reforms
To centralise power
Such as
The number of royal officials was increased
The existing institutions were reformed
New institutions were established
These reforms were established
To meet four objectives
To weaken the power of the nobility
A permanent army was formed
With professional soldiers
Mercenaries
Which could overpower
The militias of the nobility
Permission was obtained from the Pope
To place Military Orders
Under the monarchs' control
Territories
The most important one
The Council of Castilla
Other important territories
Those of Aragon and Navarra
Trained officials
Began to replace the nobles
In these institutions
Specific matters
The Castilian military orders were managed
By the Council of Military Orders
The Council of the Supreme Inquisition
Dealt with matters
Concerning morals and faith
The royal treasury
Was given greater powers
To control and administrate tax collection
Councils of experts
Were appointed to advise the monarchs about
The judicial system of Castilla
Was restructured through the audiencias
Appellate courts
Of Valladolid and Granada
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The Santa Hemandad (Holy Brotherhood)
A militia
Was created
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To reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy
The power of the General Courts was reduced
The position of viceroy was created
Represented the monarch
In its absence
The Inquisition
A religious court
Controlled by the town
Was established in the kingdom of Castilla
And reformed in Aragón
To persecute false conversions
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies
In Castilla
The monarchs appointed the mayors
The monarchs appointed the mayors
In Aragón
The sortition system
Local governors were selected by lottery
Was maintained
To improve international relations
The diplomatic courts
Represented the monarchs in other kingdoms
Was expanded
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy
The Crown of Aragón maintained
The pact tradition
The king made decisions
With the approval of the regional institutions
Religious policy
One of the Catholic Monarchs' main political objectives
Was to establish religious unity
In their domains
Their aim was to prevent revolts and internal divisions
The Jews and Muslims were expelled
The Jews
Were persecuted by the Christian population
In the 15th century
The anti-Semitism increased
The Christians belived
That the Jews offended God
Some of them were bankers
Many Christians owed them money
In 1492
The monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity
Those who did not obey
Had to sell their assets at a loss
And leave their homes
Are known as Sephardic Jews
Those who agreed to convert
Were known as conversos (converts)
Were investigated and persecuted by the Inquisition
To prevent them from practising their old religion in secret
The Mudéjar
Were Muslims who lived in the Christian territories
After the conquest of Granada in 1492
Cardinal Cisneros forced them to be baptised
Many of them revolted in the Aalpurrajas (Andalucía)
They were expelled
From Castilla in 1502
From Aragón in 1526
Those who converted
Were known as Moriscos
And were persecuted by the Inquisition
The majority were farmers
Their departure had a negative impact on agriculture
Foreign policy
The Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
The unification of the Iberian Peninsula
The Isolation of France
The consolidation of the Crown of Aragón in the Mediterranean
The expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic and military strategies were used to achieve these
Diplomatic
The monarchs formed political agreements or alliances
By marrying their children
To the kings and princes of other European kingdoms
Union with Portugal
The monarchs married their oldest daughter
Isabella of Aragón
To king Manuel I of Portugal
Miguel
Their son due to inherit the three kingdoms
But both mother and son died
One of the monarchs' other daughters
Maria
Was then married to the widowed king
Isolation of France
In 1493
An agreement was reached with France
In which the territories of Rousillon and Cerdanya
Were returned to Aragón
France continued to be their main enemy
To continue isolating France
The monarchs married their children
To English princes
To the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
Who governed Austria and Burgundy
Military
The Catholic Monarchs
Carried out a series of military conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
In 1492
After ten years of war
Boabdil, the ruler kingdom of Granada
Surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
In 1512
Ferdinand the Catholic conquered Navarra
To prevent it from forming an alliance with France
It then became part of the Crown on Castilla
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Northern Africa
Between 1497 and 1510
Various enclaves which Berber pirates operated from
Were conquered
Ceuta was conquered by the kingdom of Portugal
Italy
The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba the Great Capitain'
Defeated the French
At the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano
Secured the Aragónese territories of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia
The Atlantic Ocean
The Canary Islands were conquered
Following the subjugation of their inhabitants
The Guanches
These islands would serve as a stop off point
For Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492
Economy and society
After the serious economic and demographic crises
Of the 14th century
Cereal farming
The economy was based on this
Went into decline
This became a source of conflict
For those searching for alternatives
Crown of Castilla
Transhumance livestock farming developed
The shepherds migrated
With their folks of sheep
Between seasons in search of new pastures
They travelled along paths
Protected by the crown
Cañadas reales
To the northern meseta in summer
To the south in winter
The Catholic Monarchs recived taxes
From the wool trade
They gave numerous privileges
To the association of shepherds
That controlled this activity
Honrado Concejo de la Meseta
The exportation of wool was very important
In 1494
Burgos Consulate was founded
To control the exportation of wool
From the Cantabrian ports
To the textile industries of Flanders and England
The Spanish textile industry developed
Enough to cover domestic demand
Agriculture
Suffered due to the increase in livestock farming
The amount of pasture land incerased
Replacing the land dedicated to growing crops
Substantial vineyards and olive groves were maintained
To produce wine and oil
During the 16th century
The main source of wealth was precious metals
Gold and silver
From the Americas
Crown of Aragon
The crisis of the 14th century
Provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility
Feudal abuses
The number of available resources declined
They were taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures
Imposed by the feudal lords
Led to a peasant uprising
War of Remences
Ferdinand the Catholic
Ended this conflict
By stopping the feudal abuses of the nobility
With the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
Trade in the Mediterranean
Benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories
The main ports were Valencia and Barcelona
Trade benefitted other activities
Shipbuilding and the textile industry
The monarchs protected local industries
By placing taxes or duties on foreign products
Art and culture
New humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe
The Spanish Renaissance
The increase in the importance of the Castilian language
The philologist and historian
Antonio de Nebrija
Published the first grammar
In 1492
The founding of new universities and the spread of the printing press
Cardinal Cisneros
The founder of Alcalá de Henares University
Financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
It was written in four languages
Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean
To make it easier to identify errors in translation
The most important humanist
Juan Luis Vives
A converted Jew
Went into exile to escape the Inquisition
Spent the rest of his life in Flanders and England
Was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
Proposed the creation of social services
For the poor and educational reforms
The Gothic artistic style
In architecture
The main Gothic works of art
Were commissioned by
The Catholic Monarchs
The sabelline style
Cardinal Cisneros
The Cisneros style
In sculpture
The Italian Domenico Fancelli
A very important artist
Sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs
In painting
Pedro Berruguete
His works were greatly influenced
By the Flemish style