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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
END OF THE 15NTH CENTURY
Catholic Monarchs
Isabella I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragón established an authoritarian monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula.
Same in France and England
THE DYNASTIC UNION OF CASTILLA AND ARAGÓN
In 1469
Isabella, the half-sister of Henry IV of Castilla, married Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Aragón
1474
King of Castilla died, a civil war broke out
Conflict ended 1479 with the victory of Isabella
Ferdinand became the King of Aragón after the death of his father (1479)
As a single state was not created, it is referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy.
DOMESTIC REFORMS
The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of domestic reforms to centralise power.
To reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy:
Reduced the power of the General Courts.
The position of viceroy was created.
The Inquisition was established in the kingdom of Castilla in 1478.
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies
In Castilla, the monarchs appointed the mayors
In Aragón, the sortition system, local governors selected by lottery
To weaken the power of the nobility
Specific matters: The Castilian military orders managed by the Council of Military Orders
Royal treasury greater powers to control tax collectoin
Territories most important one was the Council of Castilla
Councils of experts appointed to advise the monarchs about
Permission from the Pope to place Military Orders under the monarchs' control
The judicial system of Castilla was restructured through the audiencias
Permanent army formed with professional soldiers
A militia, was created to fight crime and keep the peace in rural Castilla.
To improve international relations:
The diplomatic corps, (represented monarchs in other kingdoms), was expanded.
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy
RELIGIOUS POLICY
Main political objectives of the Catholic Monarcs was to establish religious unity in their domains.
Their aim was to prevent revolts and internal divisions
To do this, the Jews and Muslims were expelled.
Jews
Persecuted by the Christian population towards the end of the Middle Ages.
15th century, this anti-Semitism increased.
1492, the monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity
who did not sell their assets at a loss and leave their homes
agreed to convert were known as conversos
Mudéjar
Muslims who lived in Christian territories
FOREIGN POLICY
Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
isolation of France
consolidation of the Crown of Aragón in the Mediterranean
unification of the Iberian Peninsula
expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic and military strategies
Diplomatic
monarchs formed political agreements or alliances by marrying their children to the kings and princes of other European kingdoms.
Military
series of military conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
1492, the Ruler of Granada, surrendered the last existing Muslim state.
1512, Ferdinand, conquered Navarra to prevent forming alliance with France. Became part of the Crown of Castilla.
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Northern Africa. Between 1497 and 1510, enclaves which Berber pirates operated from were conquered
Italy. The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba the Great Captain', defeated the French at the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano
The Atlantic Ocean. The Canary Islands were conquered following the subjugation of their inhabitants, the Guanches
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
After the crises of the 14th century, cereal farming, went into decline.
A source of conflict
Crown of Castilla
The exportation of wool was very important. Transhumance livestock farming developed.
Migrated flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown called cañadas reales.
Catholic Monarchs privileges to Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
1494, Burgos Consulate founded to control the exportation of wool
Spanish textile industry developed
Agriculture suffered due to the increase in livestock farming.
16th century, the main source of wealth was precious metals from the Americas
Crown of Aragón
crisis of the 14th century provoked feudal abuses
(taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords and the War of the Remences.
Ferdinand stoped the feudal abuses of the nobility in 1486.
Trade in the Mediterranean benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón.
ART AND CULTURE
Spanish Renaissance characteristics
Founding of new universities and the spread of the printing press, four languages: Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean
The most important humanist was Juan Luis Vives
Increase in the importance of the Castilian language
Gothic artistic style was maintained
Architecture
Isabelline style
Cisneros style
Sculpture
Domenico Fancelli important artist
Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada
Painting
Pedro Berruguete were greatly influenced by the Flemish style.
