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Causes of Japanese expansion - Coggle Diagram
Causes of Japanese expansion
Nationalism in Japan
Meiji Restoration
Unified Japanese State comprising the Home Islands
Korea seen as the "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan" due to its geographic position, thus Japanese militarists believe taking Korea is key to their national protection
Restoration of Emperor makes him the spiritual head of the military and the nation, there is devotion towards the emperor
1877 Satsuma Rebellion:
Armed Samurai try and fail to take power, but their brave fight makes the government re-adopt certain Samurai values from the Samurai code Bushido:
Death before Dishonor
No surrender
The use of Katanas in the military (Samurai Swords)
Duty in the name of the Emperor is more important than any government
Japan was the "Asian Power", having won 3 wars since the Meiji restoration, and was seen as the best in Asia
Pan-Asianism:
Many Asian colonized nations looked to Japan as an example for how to modernize and be independent, this assured Japan that they were the racially superior culture in Asia as they were the role model for modernity and civilization
Formosa/Taiwan:
Japan had gained Formosa as a colony in the Sino-Japanese war (1895), and began exporting its culture, language, and modernization to Formosa to make it a "Model Colony" to show how the rest of Asia could benefit under Japanese rule
Militarism in Japan
Return of Samurai Values
There was a belief that fighting in the name of the Emperor was glorious
Japan had Invaded Korea in the 1590's in the Imjin war and lost, It was believed they could regain their national prestige by taking Korea
German style Mass-conscription introduced after the Meiji restoration
The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) both modernized rapidly, and were among the best equipped in the world
The reliance on foreign imports for military goods like Coal, Iron, Steel, and Oil made Japanese militarist aware that they needed to secure access to these resources if they wanted a strong military
The IJN developed the first Aircraft carrier and began revolutionizing the development of warplanes
Economic Impacts of the Great Depression
Japan
not self-sufficient
in coal, iron, tin or rubber
Dependence on exports mainly
silk
Silk = luxury good so there was a dramatic drop by almost 40% in exports, leading to unemployment
Cotton, textile, mining & heavy industry suffered
1929-31
exports dropped
by 50%
1931 50% of all Japanese
factories closed
Reliance on import of raw materials
from Manchuria
Imports reduced around the world & tariffs were imposed on foreign goods -> more costly to import and less exports to other countries
Increase in population
could not be supported due to inadequate food supplies and a lack of agricultural land
Poverty & overcrowding
Restricted emmigration through
racist emmigration laws
Poor suffering Japanese could not leave to the US and other states
Economic problems for the
peasants & working class
led to left-wing opposition
Political Instability in China
Fall of the Qing Dynasty- Xinhai Rebellion 1911
Increased National Awareness, China no longer willing to give colonies to colonial powers like Japan
Declaration of Empire of China by Yuan Shikai, 1915
Warlord Era and Cliques (1916-1935)
Republican Government in Guangdong, starts Northern Expedition
Zhili and Anhui Cliques in East China
Ma Clique in West China
Fengtian Clique in Manchuria led by Zhang Zuolin, Supported by Japan
Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)
First United front between Communists and Nationalists (1924-1927) to end the warlord's rule
Death of Sun Yat Sen, founder of the Republic of China, 1925
1927 White Terror: Republican forces begin massacring Communists, First united front ends, start of civil war
Mao Zedong's Long March (1934-1935)
WWI Japan Impacts
Japan = expand its influence upon Asia.
21 demands issued to China.
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia 1917.
Japanese sent 70,000 men to support the Whites.
Were defeated and had to withdraw 1922.
Japan supplied goods to the Allies and orders to Asian markets. With this exports thrived. Japan became self-sufficient, developing industries to produce goods previously imported.
China was forced to agree to the Japanese who remained in Shandong and to grant additional commercial privileges in Manchuria.
China was also required to accept political, financial, and military advisers sent from Japan and not to lease any further coastal areas to other powers.
Declaration of war on Germany. Seized Germany's military bases on the Shandong Peninsula, north of China 1914.
Political impact of the Great Depression
Worsening relationships between major powers led to the end of relative internal cooperation
Increasing discontent & hostility among right-wing militarists
Japan agreed to additional naval restrictions (1930)
Instability of leadership & discontent with Prime Ministers
Expansionists looked to increase empire in northern China
Calls for "New International Order" in domestic policies