Coasts

Erosion

Transportation

Mass Movement

Landforms

Waves

Constructive

Destructive

Depositional

Erosional

Costal Defenses

Hard Engineering

Soft Engineering

Rockfall

Slumping

Sliding

Porus rock, eg, gravel allows water to soak in. Rainwater then infiltrates the gravel, adding weight. Weathering such as freeze-thaw continually weakens the cliff face, then the cliff face is undercut by erosion. The cliff then collapses in a rotational movement, known as rotational slip

Occurs on bare, well-jointed rocks (which are prone to free-thaw weathering). When rocks lose contact with the cliff face, rocks fall from the top of the cliff to the bottom, where they form a scree slope

Layers of rock dip towards the sea, and whole blocks of land slips down towards the sea. This can also be due to freeze thaw weathering

Solution

Hydraulic Action

Abrasion

Attrition

When the seawater dissolves certain types of rocks. In the UK, chalk and limestone cliffs are prone to this type of erosion

The process by which breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff. The pressure causes the crack to widen, breaking off the rock

When boulders transported by waves pump into rock and and break up into smaller pieces

Rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded

Solution

Saltation

Suspension

Long Shore Drift

When minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in sea water and then carried in solution. The load is not visible

The process of movement of sediment along the coastline

Where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the seabed

Small particles such as slits and clays are suspended in the flow of water

Low and Far Apart

Low energy

Calm Weather Conditions

Low Wave Height

Strong Swash, Weak Backwash

Strong backwash, weak swash

Stormy Weather conditions

Large Wave Height

High Energy

Weathering

Freeze Thaw

Wetting & Drying

Carbonation

Moisture in the surfaces freezes and expands at night, and thaws in the day. The water gets into rocks that have cracks, when it freezes, pressure builds up and is widened when it melts.

Softer rocks are effected by water. These rocks expand and contract as they become wet and then dry out. as they dry out, cracks develop so that they are more easily penetratable, making it unstable. This leads to landslides

The Chemicals in Rainwater dissolves rock that contains calcium carbonate

Spits

Bars

Tombolos

Bays

Headlands

Caves

Arches

Stacks

Stumps

Beaches

Sea Walls

Groynes

Gabions

Beach Nourishment

Managed Retreat