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psychology, localization, Shaw & Porter, theory, key study, Argument1…
psychology
neuronplasticity
Kandel
Greenstein
fMRI
Discuss: the theory of neuroplasticity
argument 2
Afterwards know brain continues change into adulthood = Maguire (+) Continual neuroplasticity: Know that neuroplasticity continues into old age, Active lifestyle help ward off Alzheimer
Argument 1
First thought to be only show in childhood + couln't change = Kandel stimulus Critical period: 1700s- believed brain growth & reorganization, happened during early development, remaining the same for the rest of life.; Neuroplasticity beyond childhood - 1793, Italian anatomist Malacarne trained ½ animals then dissected their brains-the cerebellum is larger in “trained” animals.; 1890, “plasticity” of brain (continues into adulthood) proposed by William James largely ignored until 1970
Evaluate: the theory of neuroplasticity with reference to research
Maguire+
see the connection in visual spatial seperate brain changes due to reality, explains the STM LTM, neural branching and pruning
changing over adult life
Greenstin
Kandel-
Validity issues- lack of control of variables
Neuroplasticity-> changes in the brain due to the environment.
stop change after certain ages
Discuss: the influence of culture on one cognitive process
argument2
FBM: Kulkufsky
Similar in measure + rate the culture to get the vividness and accuracy ?
argument1
Schema(Bartelet) OR xFBM (talarico)
Affect reliebility √ since everyone is different by how did people treated the world, and the perspective when seeing event/things
Discuss: one cultural dimension with reference to research
Hofstede: I/C
Differences within a culture are often bigger than differences in averages between cultures. OR Separate factors, not opposite poles of a single construct. Each person is a mix of both aspects. (-)accuracy in FBM
issues with measuring/ understanding culture
use to explain FBM/memory
Hoftede. I/C "mental software"
Explaining the different and how two groups act differently. ?
Schema
Schema theory
Westcott
Reconstructive memory
Flashbulb Memory
Sharot
Talarico & Rubin
Bartlett
Evaluate: schema theory with reference to research
Discuss: schema theory
argument 1
Useful application: memory distortion & eyewitness testimony / Stereotypes / Education
wetscott study1
argument2
ethical consideration: informed consent (-) of creating false memory
Shaw&Porter / Loftus
strength
Useful application: memory distortion & eyewitness testimony / Stereotypes / Education
wetscott study1
limitation
Valid
Shaw&Porter / Loftus
Schema could help us process new info, use to understand and respond to situations. It is a linked mental representation of the world that built by our own experience and also use schema to fit and accommodate. encoding, rehearsal, recall
Events schemas, or scripts as they are more commonly called, represent knowledge structures about stereotyped event sequences, including props and actors (Abelson, 1981)
Emotion & Cognitive
Evaluate: one theory of how emotion influences one cognitive process
argument 1: (+) Emotional events are more vivid+accuracy, (usually immune to normal forgetting processes- reliable over time)
Sharot fMRI sort of support
Talarico and Rubin
agree FBM is more accurate, but involve with emotion is not...culture...
Discuss: the role of emotion in one cognitive process
Talarico and Rubin
support vivid+, argue about accuracy......even FBM is more accurate+, but involve with emotion is not...culture... not reliable
kulkufsky
culture bias
even FBM is more accurate+, but involve with emotion is not...culture... not reliable: circumstand un-natural; language
Emotion is a mind and body integrated response to a stimulus, involved psychological arousal and expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. intertwined. Emotions: adaptive -experience of events- react to events, objects and situations with reference to personal relevance and well-being. Memories of emotional events sometimes have persistence and vividness__but even highly emotional memories may fade over time.
To what extent: is one cognitive process reliable?
Reliability
argument 1(-): loftus-lost in a mall OR Shaw&Porter
Explains mistakes in memory processes and the easy of planting false memories
Brown and Kulik (FBM theorists)+
Sharot
911 FBM has a higher validness and accuracy
MSM
WMM
Baddeley
word length
Contrast two models of memory
Complexity: how STM formed; from trigger VS from 3 different stores; and how STM processed.
MSM: memory has distinguishably different linear processes from each other in terms(STM/LTM) of how they work and the role they play in memory;
WMM: memory is a dynamic process, has a separate view (each store) on complexity of attention and mult-task
patient KF
preciseness
Similarity: how STM transform in to LTM; but different in precise of explaining the progress, the WMM omitted how the memory might be retieval + rehearsal
patient HM
Glanzer & Cunitz
Evaluate: one or more brain imaging techniques used to study the brain and behavior
strength
MRI specific locate + size, fMRI:
Maguire
weakness
MRI the route and the activity of the function; fMRI similation not real world
Kandel
Contrast: two brain imaging techniques used to study the brain and behavior (MRI / fMRI)
different 1
MRI gives extremely clear, detailed images of soft-tissue structures that other imaging techniques cannot achieve.
fMRI Exaggerate the activity of the brain due to the color maps(looks distinct & definite change but might be slight in reality); however Movement artefacts (ie. head moves would impact recording)
HM
different 2
MRI can determine if cancer has spread, and help determine the best treatment.
MRI cannot always distinguish between (malignant tumors or benign) disease.; determine where activity occurs,: Validity - difficult to know which area is active. however can’t precisely with when, so called ”temporal resolution”, shows connections between activity with precise areas in the brain (localisation of function)
kandel / Maguire
localization
Discuss: the theory of localization of function with reference to research
argument 2
Localization is specific to some, but not all functions + Some functions are widely distributed across the brain = even though locate which specific part it damaged, but one lobe of the area could contain several functions. for example, visual+spacial navigation are separate (Maguire) = brain can adapt so localization isn’t static
argument 1
Locates in the same store (WMM=HM hippocampus)
Evaluate: the theory of localization with reference to research studies
+
specific area (MRI), located=observe of behave
-
Behavior or ability is not only result in single or only particular place, for example hippocampus from HM study, STM and LTM are in different position, but all respnse for memory
patient HM
patient KF
Maguire
MRI
Shaw & Porter
plant false memory
Discuss: the reconstructive nature of memory with reference to research
(relevant: EWT)how could we avoid been inplanted memory / how could we use this (+)
shaw & porter/Loftus (+) Predictability & Empiricism / Effort after meaning - information processed in relation to existing knowledge
(Bartlett) Scientific research (-), eg. control & Testable Hypothesis & Replication & Predictability: "Cultural influences on schematic processing"
argument 2
theory
key study
Argument1 (revelent)EWT