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To what extent was there a mid-Tudor crisis between the years 1536-1558 -…
To what extent was there a mid-Tudor crisis between the years 1536-1558
Political
Edward VI
Signs of crisis
Somerset, February 1547-1549
Strengthened Franco-Scottish alliance, partly by defeating Scottish at Battle of Pinkie (1547)
Northumberland, 1549-1553
Signs of no crisis
Northumberland, 1549-1553
Treaty of Boulogne, 1550. Northumberland gained £133,333 from France, Somerset's war with France ended, Boulogne returned, France agrees on future marriage of Edward VI and Henry II's daughter, Elizabeth
Somerset, February 1547-1549
Died early with no heirs
Henry VIII
Signs of no crisis
Succession Act, February 1544
Secured succession of Edward in law
Edward as heir, with Mary, then Elizabeth
Executed Pole family to eliminate rival claimants
Charles V and Francis I resumed war in 1541 after Truce of Nice, so low threat to England
Solway Moss, November 1542
Duke of Norfolk beat Scots at Solway Moss
1000 Scottish prisoners taken
James V died week later, leaving throne to one week old daughter, Mary Queen of Scots
Treaty of Ardes, June 1546
Henry allowed to keep Boulogne
Promised renewal of pension money payments (originally agreed by Edward IV in 1475)
If French paid £200,000 they would be allowed to keep Boulogne in 1554
Signs of crisis
In 1538, the Pope excommunicated Henry VIII. Charles V (Catholic) angry because Henry divorced his aunt, Catherine of Aragon
June 1538, Truce of Nice signed, ending war between Charles V and Francis I. Henry feared invasion of England by the Pope, Charles and Francis. Introduces Six Articles (Catholic) to lower threat
Anne of Cleves marriage lowered chances of Henry making Protestant allies
After Treaty of Crepy between France and HRE in September 1544, Francis threatened to invade England. Henry fortifies south coast of England
Mary I
Signs of crisis
Devyse, 1553
Wyatt's Rebellion, 1554
Died with no heirs
Signs of no crisis
Devyse 1553 failed
Wyatt's rebellion failed. No support from London or Mary's councillors
Economic
Edward VI
Signs of crisis
Somerset
Debased coinage to finance war against Scotland. Raised £537,000 but led to inflation. Foreign policy cost £600,000
Poor harvest in 1548, led to inflation
May 1549, tax on sheep introduced to deter enclosure. Put pressure on small farmers in upland areas who relied on sheep and possibly contributed to decline in cloth trade
Kett's Rebellion, 1549
Northumberland
Population rises puts pressures on food supply and prices
Poor harvests in early 1550s made grain prices rise
Cloth trade suffers. Drop in exports in summer 1551 due to a temporary problem with trade at Antwerp. Increased unemployment among textile workers in East Anglia and west of England
Signs of no crisis
Somerset
1st June 1548, opened commission to record illegal enclosures
Kett's Rebellion - landowners obstructed commissions assessing the legality of enclosures
Northumberland
Improves Crown's income, partly done by debasement and by illegally melting down church gold - but abandoned the practice
Improved financial administration by appointing Sir Walter Mildmay, who published plans that were implemented in Mary's reign
Encouraged expansion of trade routes. By 1553, English ships were trading as
far as the Gold Coast in West Africa
Henry VIII
Signs of crisis
Henry's foreign policy with France and the HRE cost £2 million, paid for by borrowing, monastic land and debasement of coinage. Led to inflation and left of Tudors in debt
Signs of no crisis
Mary I
Religious
Edward VI
Signs of crisis
Somerset
Western Rebellion, 1549
Northumberland
Signs of no crisis
Mary I
Signs of crisis
Burnings of Protestants unpopular, especially in London with Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Elizabeth's reign?)
Signs of no crisis
Henry VIII
Signs of crisis
Pilgrimage of Grace and Lincolnshire Rising, October 1536-February 1537
40,000 rebels
Signs of no crisis
Monks and nuns given pensions or one-off payments after their monasteries had closed, leading to little opposition
Most people not interested in changes to doctrine, as they didn't understand Latin