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Empathy: Construct, Measurement and Effects - Coggle Diagram
Empathy: Construct, Measurement and Effects
Empathy Dimensions
Empathy: the sharing (= empathetic concern) and understanding (= perspective taking) of another’s emotional state (Eisenberg and Straver, 1987)
High Empathy: individuals more receptive to others' needs and feelings and less likely to behave aggressively (Eisenberg et al., 2006)
Low Empathy: "Take that. Even in the dressing room afterwards, I had no remorse." (Roy Keane, biography)
Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980, 1983)
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28-items answered on a 5-point Likert Scale, ranging from "does not describe me well" to "described me very well".
Subscales
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Empathetic Concern: assess "other-orientated" feelings of sympathy and concern for unfortunate others.
Personal Distress: measures "self-orientated" feelings of personal anxiety and unease in tense interpersonal settings.
Fantasy: taps respondents' tendencies to transpose themselves imaginatively Into the feelings and actions of fictitious characters in books, movies, and plays.
Empathetic Concern Scale
I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me.
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When I see someone taken advantage of, I feel protective towards them.
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When I see someone treated unfairly, I don’t feel very much pity for them (R)
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Perspective Taking Scale
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I sometimes try to understand my friends better by imagining how things look from their perspective.
If I’m sure I’m right about something, I don’t waste much time listening to other people’s arguments (R)
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When I’m upset at someone, I try to “put myself in his shoes” for a while.
Before criticising someone, I imagine how I would feel if I were in their place.
Empathy in Sport
Empathy negatively associated with opponent (r = -.35) and teammate (r = -.33) antisocial behaviour playing team sport (Kavussanu & Boardley, 2009)
Empathy accounted for sex differences in observed antisocial behaviours in 464 footballers (Kavussanu et al., 2009).
Empathy & Aggression (Giancola, 2003)
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Method
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Completed empathy scale (Davis, 1983)
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Results
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At both low and high levels of provocation, alcohol increased aggression in low empathy individuals but not those with high empathy.
Taylor-Aggression Paradigm (TAP) (Taylor, 1967)
Assesses reactive aggression as participants compete in a reaction item task against a fictitious opponent.
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Select intensity of shock for opponent if they win the trial and receive predetermined shock if they lose the trial.
Participants placed under low, medium and high provocation conditions.
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