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UNIT 1 :, UNIT 3, Unit 2, UNIT 4, UNIT 5 - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 1 :
Persepectives
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biological
ties between behavior and biology, base level knowledge
(hence size // pinky)
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Statistics
Skewed Graphs: 
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statistical significance: meaningful difference
When sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large
p score: (<.05 to < 0.001)
UNIT 3
Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transduces sound vibrations to auditory signals.
Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (“ossicles”-hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Pinna: Collects sounds. Shaped like a funnel
Auditory (Ear) canal: The auditory canal is a tube that connects the pinna and the tympanic membrane (eardrum); funnels sound toward eardrum
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Transduction:
In sensation, transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses. RETINA
Parts of the Eye
Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye.
Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of opening (pupil) for light.
Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina.
Retina: Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain.
Feature Detection
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, like edges, angle, and movement.
Feature detectors allow us to see the lines, motion, curves of this power point slide
Shape detection:
Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses.
Visual Cliff
A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. Binocular Cues. Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.
Selective attention:
• Perceptions about objects change from moment to moment.
• Different forms of Necker cube become available to our perception, however, one can pay attention only to one aspect of the object.
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Thresholds
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Subliminal Threshold
When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness. (Detect it less than 50% of the time)
Difference Threshold
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (JSD- just noticeable difference)
Signal Detection Theory:
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on: Person’s experience, Expectations, Motivation, Level of fatigue
Sensory Adaptation:
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Sometime referred to as habituation. Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile you don’t sense it.
other senses
sense: receptors// transduction
Smell(olfaction): nose//ol factory receptors (epithelium)
Taste(gustation): tongue// taste buds
Touch(pain): skin//nociceptors
Vestibular Sense and Kinesthetic: inner ear+joints// semi circular canal
Perpetual Set: a temporary readiness to perceive certain objects or events rather than others. Ex. a person driving a car has a perceptual set to identify anything in the car or on the road that might affect his or her safety.
Figure Ground: the tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object that we are looking
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Unit 2
NUERON
Dendrites: Receive messages from other cells
Soma (Body cell): cell body that maintains the health of the neuron
Axon: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, and glands
Myelin Sealth: covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses ”
Terminal Branches of Axon: from junctions with other cells
“fire” -- send an impulse down their length -- or they don’t “fire”
Neurons perform three basic tasks: (1) Receive information, (2) Carry the information, (3) Pass the information on to the next neuron
Action Potential: A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.
Refractory Period: The “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
Resting Potential: The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential
Agonist vs. Antagonists
The agonist molecule excites. It is similar enough in structure to the neurotransmitter molecule that it mimics and its affects on the retrieving neuron.
Ex. Morphine for instance mimics the action of endorphins by stimulating receptors in brain areas involved in mood and pain sensations.
Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter. This antagonist molecule inhibits, It has a structure similar enough to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block its action, but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor.
Ex. Curare poisoning paralyzes its victims by blocking ACh receptors involved in muscle movement.
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The ENDOCRINE System
the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.
Brian Imaging
EEG: Changes in electrical brain current
CAT: x-ray images of the brain
MRI: changes in electrical brain current
PET: changes in electrical brain current
fMRI: blood flow oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin ratio
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UNIT 4
Operant Conditioning
Behavior strengthened by reinforcers// voluntary response that operates on environment producing rewarding or punishng stimuli
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Fixed Ratio: predicted number
Variable Ratio: Unpredicted number
Fixed Interval: reinforces a response only after a specified time
Variable Interval: reinforces a response at unpredictable time interval
Skinners Effect: Law of effect that states that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behavior followed by undesireable consequences become less likely
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Classical Conditioning
Acqusition: initial stage in classical conditioning when association between interval and us take place
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Learning by linking two or more stimulus and anticipate events/// Involuntary, automatic response
Stimulus Discrimination: Learned ability to distinguish between cs and other stimulus that does not signal a UCS
Generalization: tendacy to respond to cs -the more similar to stimuli, the stronger the response
Before Conditioning: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Naturally occurring: Conditioned Response(UCR)
During conditioning: irrelevant stimulus(CS) triggers response (CR-learned response)
Ex. Car Accident & Fear of Cars:
Conditioned stimulus:Car
(Un)conditioned response response: Fear
Unconditioned Stimulus: accident
Associative Learning: associating/ linking two events since they occur together or at a similar time
Ex. tunder & lightning
Obervational Learning
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Mirror Neurons
brains of animals and humans that activate during observational learning/ when performing certain actions// may enable imitation, language learning + empathy
Modeling Requirements
Bandura suggests for requirements effective modeling- Attention, Retention, Ability to reproduce the behavior, Motivation
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modeling violence: wowing media violence does lead to increased expression of aggression Ex. children model wrestling-- relation between violent tv games and increase of aggression
Learned helplessness: Belief of incapable to accomplish task produced by frequent expose to negative events perceived as unavoidable
Latent Learning: learing that occurs but isn't evident unit an incident shows it
UNIT 5
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Encoding
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Shallow vs Deep
Shallow – Encoding based on the structure or appearance of a word
Deep– Encoding based on the meaning of the words
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Spacing Effect: testing effect = enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
Serial Positioning Effect: tendency to recall best, the last and first items in a list.
Storage
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Long term memory
• Information that has been encoded in short-term memory is stored
• Unlimited capacity for information
• Duration: potentially permanent
Retrospective Memory
the memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past.
Explicit memories vs Implicit memories
-Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. (explain) --hippocampus
-Implicit memory involves learning an action, and the individual does not know or declare what she knows. (impossible to explain)-- cerebellum
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Forgetting: can occur at any memory stage; we filter, alter, or lose much information during these stages.
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Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories
Repression: Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Freud believed this was at the heart of all defense mechanisms
Misinformation Effect: Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. Leads to memory construction.
Source Amnesia=attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution)
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Anterograde amnesia: condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event.