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Hardware and Software, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - ASCII ( the American Standard Code for Information Interchange) uses 7 bits to store up to 128 different characters.
  - - - Imput of data using peripheral devices
      - Output of data using peripheral devices
      - Storing data in the storage devices
      - Processing data in the CPU using the microprocessor and the memory
- - - - local area networks (LANs)
      - metropolitan area networks
      - wide area networks
  - - - adaptor and network card
        
        to send information to the other computers and recive it back
      - Hub
        
        distributes the information between all the computers in the network
      - Transmission medium
        
        The information travels down it.
  - - - networks with a conbination of wired and wireless devices use wireless access points
        
        we can use them to transmit data through wires of electromagnetic waves
  - - - They can connect to internet in two different ways
        
        Router
        
        detects data and directs it to and from the internet
        
        Internet Connecting Sharing
        
        all communication is through one computer that must be switched on all the time
- - - - The computer's main memory is its RAM.
        
        When we use an application, its instructions and data are copied there, so that the microprocessor can use them.
        
        RAM doesn't retain information when the computer is switched off, so we must save our work in the hard disk or we will loose it.
    - - RAM doesn't work at the same speed as the microprocessor.
        
        So a faster memory is installed between them.
        
        The cache memory stores the data the microprocessor use most often.
    - - It automatically checks the system when we turn on the computer
        
        This check is carried out using instructions stored in an special readonly memory( ROM BIOS )
        
        If everything is ok, ROM starts the operating system in the main memory.
    - - We use storage data units to permanetly save the data
        
        magnetic disks
        
        Hard disks are the most common
        
        they store bits by positioning millions of tini magnets in two different orientation that represent 0 or 1
        
        to access a piece of data,the disk spins around until the read head is above the area where that piece of data is stored
        
        external disks are very easy to transport
        
        Optical disks
        
        CD-ROMs, DVDs... store data in a series of grooves on the disc surface
        
        the disc drive emits a laser onto the disc and reflects off the flat areas
        
        the light sigal is reflected back to an optical sensor that turns in into adigital signal 0 or 1.
        
        blu-ray technology uses a special blue laser that allows us to store much more information
        
        Solid-state memory
        
        These devices store information using transistors acting as switches. they can be opened or closed
        
        they include memory cards or pen drives
        
        They are connected to the computer by USB or other slots
  - - - All the other components of the computer are connected to it
        
        The motherboard is like a miniature city. The communication between these components takes place through sets of copper wieres calles buses
        
        The motherboard includes the following components
        
        Slots that can be used to expand or add new components
        
        This slots can be PCI or PCI-express
        
        The IDE or ATA and SATA connectors connect the hard disk, CD drive and DVD drive to the motherboard
        
        The chipset is a number of integrated circuits designed to perform related fuctions
        
        They also determinate which type of mricroprocessor, memory and expansion cards we can use
    - - We can phisically connect devices to the computer in different ways
        
        Using an expasion slot
        
        By special connectors on the motherboard
        
        Using the external ports on the side or back of the computer
- - - - word processors
      - Spreadsheets
      - presentations
      - Others
    - - can be used to create other programms and aplications
  - - - The operation system provides a working environment that makes it easy to acces to the aplications
        
        The most used operation systems are windows, linux and Mac OS
        
        Windows operating system
        
        We can install programms using an instalation wizard that guides us through the process.
        
        Hard disk maintenance
        
        Cleaning the hard disk
        
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        Defragmenting the hard disk
        
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        Detecting and repairing errors
        
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        Saving power
        
        System updates
        
        Your computer is constantly updating
        
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        Linux operating system
        
        installing and unistalling programms
        
        "añadir y quitar" in the applications menu. is the easiest form to install and delete programms
        
        How to keep your system up to date
        
        Sistema- administración-gestor de actualizaciones-comprobar-instalar actualizaciones
    - - manges the microprocessor
      - manages the memory and storage systems
      - Provides an interface or working environment
      - allows communication betwwen applications and peripheral devices