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The reign of the catholic monarchs - Coggle Diagram
The reign of the catholic monarchs
At the end of 15th century
Ferdinand II of Aragón
They established an authoritarian monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula
Isabella I of Castilla
The dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
In 1469 Isabella married Ferdinand
The crown prince of Aragón
In 1474 King of Castilla died
A civil war broke out
Between his daughters followers
Who had support of Portugal
And those of Isabella
The conflict ended in 1479
With the victory of Isabella
Also this year Ferdinand became King of Aragón
Because of the death of his father
This resulted in the dynastic union
Of Castilla
And Aragón
Each kingdom retained their own
Languages
Currency
Laws
Internal boundaries
Institutions
A single state was not created
It refers to the Hispanic Monarchy
Domestic reforms
Catholic monarchs carried out a number of domestic reforms
To centralise power
Some reforms were established to meet 4 objectives
To reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy
Position of viceroy was created
This figure represented the monarchs
In each of their kingdoms
In their absence
Inquisition was established
In the kingdom of Castilla in 1478
And was reformed in Aragón to persecute false conversions
It was a religious court
Although it was controlled by the Crown
Power of General Courts, reduced
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies
In Castilla, the monarch appointed the mayors
Who ran the city council
In Aragón, the sortition system
Where local governors were selected by lottery
Was maintained
To weaken the power of the nobility
Specific matters
The Castilian military orders
Were by the council of Military Orders
The royal treasury
Was given greater to
Control
Tax collection
Administrate
Territories
The most important one was the Council of Castilla
Those of Aragón and Navarra were also important
Trained officials began
To replace the nobles in these insitutions
The judicial system
Was restructured through the audiencias
Of Valladolid and Granada
Whose judges appointed the kings
Permission was obtained by the Pope
To place military orders under monarchs control
A militia
The Santa Hermandad was created
To fight crime
And keep the peace
In rural Castilla
Permanent army was formed
With professional soldiers
Te improve of international relations
The diplomatic corps were expanded
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy
But the pact tradition maintained there
Which means that the king made decisions
With the approval of the regional institutions
Religious policy
One of the Catholic Monarchs main political objective
Was to establish religious unity in their domains
The Jews and Muslims were expelled
The Jews
Were persecuted by the Christian population until end of Middle Ages
In 15th century anti-Semitism increased
Christians believed that Jews offended God
In 1492 Monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity
They are known as Sephardic Jews
Those who agreed to convert were known as conversors
They were investigated and persecuted
To prevent them pactising their own religion in secret
The Mudéjar
They were Muslims who lived in Christian territories
After the conquer of Granada in 1492
Cardinal Cisneros forced them to be baptised
Many of them revolted in the Alpujarras
They were expelled
From Castilla in 1502
From Aragón in 1526
Those who converted were known as Moriscos
And they were also persecuted
Many of the were farmers
And their departure had a negative impact
In agriculture
Foreign policy
Catholic Monarchs main objectives
Isolation of France
Consolidation of the Crown of Aragón
Unification of the Iberian Peninsula
Expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic
They formed political agreements or alliances
By marring their children
With other European Kings or kingdoms
Union with Portugal
Miguel, their son, was due to inherit the three kingdoms
But both mother and son died
1 of his daughters, María, was married to the widowed king
Monarch married Isabella of Aragón to King Manuel I of Portugal
Isolation of France
France continued to be their main enemy
To continue isolating France
Monarchs married their children to English princes
And this last ones, were Frances enemys
And the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire
Who governed Austria and Burgundy
In 1493 an agreement was reached with France
In which the territories Roussillon and Cerdanya were returned to Aragón
Military
Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of military conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
In 1492, after a 10 year war
The ruler of the Kingdom of granada
Surrender the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
In 1512, Ferdinand, conquered Navarra
To prevent it forming an alliance with France
It became part of the Crown of Castilla
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Italy
The forces of Gonzalo Fernandez de Córdoba
Defeated the french at the battles of Ceringola and Garigliano (1513)
And secured the Aragónese territories of
Sicily
Sardinia
Naples
The Atlantic ocean
The Canary Islands were conquered
following the subjugation of their inhabitants
the Guanches (1478-1496)
These islands would serve as a stop off point
For Christopher Columbus first voyage to the Americas (1492)
Northern Africa
Between 1497 and 1510
Various enclaves which Berber pirates operated from were conquered
Economy and society
After the economical and demographic crises of 14th century
Cereal farming, went into a decline
These became a source of conflict
For those searching for alternatives
Crown of Castilla
Exportation of wood was very important
Transhumance livestock farming developed
This means that during the seasons
They migrated in search of new pastures
To northern meseta in summer
To southern meseta in winter
The flocks traveled by protected paths
Called Cañadas Reales
As Catholic Monarchs received taxes from wood
They gave a lo of privileges to the association of shepherds
That controlled this activity
It was called: Honrado Consejo de la Meseta
In 1494 Burgos Consulate was founded
To control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports
To textile industries of
England
Ferlands
Spanish textile industry developed just enough
To covere domestic demand
Agriculture suffered due to the increase of livestock farming
Pasture land increased
Agriculture lands replaced
During the 16th century
The main source of wealth were precious metals
From the Americas
Crown of Aragón
The crisis in the 14th century
Provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility
These abuses were
Fines
And other arbitrary measures
Imposed by feudal lords
And led to a peasant uprising called Was of the Remences
Taxes
Ferdinand ended this abuses
With the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
Trade in Mediterranean benefited
With the incorporation of Italian territories to the Crown of Aragón
The main ports were
Valencia
Barcelona
Trade benefited other economic activities
Such as
Shipbuilding
Textile industry
Monarch protected local industries
By placing taxes of duties to foreign products
Art and culture
During Monarchs reign new humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe
But in the Hispanic Kingdoms medieval traditions maintained the importance
Spanish renaissance
Increase on the importance of the Castilian lenguage
The first grammar book published
Was by Antonio Nebrija
In 1492
Founding of new universities and spread of printing press
Cardinal Cisneros financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
The holy text was written in 4 lenguages
Greek
Hebrew
Latin
Chaldean
To make it easier to find translation errors
Most important humanist was Juan Luis Vives
A converted Jew who went to the exile to escape inquisition
And he spent the rest of his life in England and Flanders
He was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
And he proposed the creation of
Social services for the poor
Education reform
Gothic style was maintained
In sculpture, Italian Domenico Fancelli was very important
He sculpted the Tomb Of The Catholic Monarch in Granada
In painting, the works of Pedro Berruguete were greatly influenced by Flemish style
In architecture, the main works ere commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
