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1.THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, image, image, image, image, image,…
1.THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
At the end of the 15th century
The Catholic Monarchs’ Isabella I of Castilla and Ferdinand II of Aragón established an authoritarian monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula
The same had also happened in France and England
1.1.THE DYNASTIC UNION OF CASTILLA AND ARAGÓN
1469:
Isabella, the half-sister of Henry IV of Castilla, married Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Aragón.
1474:
The King of Castilla died , a civil war broke out between the followers of his daughter,
Joanna la Beltraneja
Joanna la Beltraneja, had the
support of Portugal
Isabella, had the
support of Aragón
*The conflict ended in 1479 with the victory of Isabella.
*Ferdinand became the King of Aragón
after the death of his father
The
dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
(Isabela and Ferdinand married)
The reigning families did not result in the creation of a unitary state. Each kingdom retained its own:
Institusions
Laws
Language
Currency
Internal boundaries
A single state was not created, it is referred to as the
Hispanic Monarchy.
1.2.DOMESTIC REFORMS
The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of domestic reforms to centralise power.
The number of royal officials was increased
The existing institutions were reformed and new ones were established
Were established
to meet four objectives:
To reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy:
The
power of the General Courts was reduced
Viceroy
: this
figure represented the monarchs
in each of their kingdoms.
The
Inquisition was established in the kingdom of Castilla in 1478
and
was reformed in Aragón to persecute false conversions.
It was a religious court, although it was controlled by the Crown.
To restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies:
In Castilla, the
monarchs appointed the mayors, who ran the city councils.
In Aragón, the
sortition system, where local governors were selected by lottery
, was maintained.
To weaken the power of the nobility:
Territories
. The most important one was the
Council of Castilla
. Trained officials began to replace the nobles in these institutions.
Permission was obtained from the Pope to place
Military Orders under the monarchs' control
A
permanent army was formed
with professional soldiers (
mercenaries)
Specific matters
. The Castilian military orders were managed by the
Council of Military Orders
. The
Council of the Supreme Inquisition
dealt with matters concerning morals and faith.
Greater powers to control and administrate tax collection
Councils of experts
were appointed to
advise the monarchs
The judicial system of Castilla was restructured through the
audiencias of Valladolid and Granada, whose judges appointed the kings
.
A
militia, the Santa Hermandad, was created to fight crime and keep the peace in rural Castilla.
To improve international relations:
The
diplomatic corps, which represented the monarchs in other kingdoms, was expanded
.
Castilla became an authoritarian monarchy
The Crown of Aragón
maintained the pact tradition
, meaning that the king made decisions with the approval of the regional institutions.
1.3.RELIGIOUS POLICY
One of the Catholic Monarchs’
main political objectives was to establish religious unity
in their domains.
Their aim was to prevent revolts and internal divisions
The
Jews were persecuted by the Christian population towards the end of the Middle Ages.
In the 15th century, this anti-Semitism increased
The
Christians believed that the Jews offended God.
Jews
were bankers and many Christians owed them money
1492
, the monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity.
Sephardic Jews
. Those who agreed to convert were known as conversos and were
investigated and persecuted by the Inquisition to prevent them from practising their old religion in secret
.
Mudéjar were Muslims who lived in Christian territories
. in 1492, Cardinal Cisneros forced them to be
baptised
.
They
were expelled from
Castilla in 1502 and from Aragón in 1526
Those
who converted were known as Moriscos
and they were also persecuted by the Inquisition
The majority of the Mudéjar were farmers,
their departure had a negative impact on agriculture.
1.4.FOREIGN POLICY
The Catholic Monarchs' main objectives were
the
isolation of France
the
consolidation of the Crown of Aragón in the Mediterranean
The
unification of the Iberian Peninsula
the
expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic
. The
monarchs formed political agreements or alliances by marrying their children to the kings and princes of other European kingdoms
.
Union with Portugal
.
The monarchs married their oldest daughter,
Isabella of Aragón, to King Manuel I of Portugal
Their son, Miguel, was due to inherit the three kingdoms
, but both mother and son died.
One of the monarchs' other daughters, María, was then married to the widowed king
Isolation of France
1493 an agreement was reached with France
in which the territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya were returned to Aragón.
To
continue isolating France
, the monarchs married their children to English princes and the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire, who governed Austria and Burgundy
Military
. The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of military conquests
the Iberian Peninsula
1492, after a ten year war, Boabdil, the ruler of the kingdom of Granada
, surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula.
1512, Ferdinand the Catholic' conquered Navarra to prevent it from forming an alliance with France
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
Northern Africa
. Between 1497 and 1510, various enclaves
Italy
. The forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba the Great Captain', defeated the French at the battles
The Atlantic Ocean
. The Canary Islands were conquered following the subjugation of their inhabitants
1.5.ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
After the serious economic and demographic crises of the 14th century, cereal farming, went into decline
Crown of Castilla
exportation of wool
Transhumance livestock farming developed
The shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep between seasons in search of new pastures.
Cañadas reales
The flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown
They gave
numerous privileges to the association of shepherds that controlled this activity
.
association was called the
Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
1494, Burgos Consulate
was founded
To
control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports
(Bilbao and Santander) to the
textile industries of Flanders and England
, among others.
Spanish textile industry developed
just enough to cover domestic demand
Agriculture
suffered due to the increase in livestock farming
Substantial vineyards and olive groves were maintained to produce wine and oil
16th century, the
main source of wealth was precious metals (gold and silver) from the Americas
Crown of Aragón
Feudal abuses
The crisis of the 14th century provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility
Were taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords
led to a
peasant uprising called the War of the Remences
Ended this
conflict by stopping the feudal abuses of the nobility
with the
Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
.
Trade in the Mediterranean
benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón. The main ports were
Valencia and Barcelona
.
1.6.ART AND CULTURE
New humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe
, although in the
Hispanic kingdoms medieval traditions maintained
Characteristics:
Increase in the importance of the Castilian language
Antonio de Nebrija
Philologist and historian
published the first grammar of this language
in 1492
Founding of new universities and the spread of the printing press.
Cardinal Cisneros
founder of Alcalá de Henares University, financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible.
Juan Luis Vives
Most important humanist
A
converted Jew
who went into exile to escape the Inquisition and spent the rest of his life in
Flanders and England
.
He was a
follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
Gothic artistic style was maintained
In architecture, the main Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
In sculpture, the Italian
Domenico Fancelli was a very important artist. He sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs
in Granada
In painting, the works of
Pedro Berruguete
were greatly influenced by the Flemish style
