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Globalisation and Crime - Coggle Diagram
Globalisation and Crime
Castells
Criminal networks across the globe have become interconnected. This has developed a a ‘global criminal economy’ worth over $1 trillion a year.
The notion of self-contained societies is outdated- globalisation has developed networks that cut across national boundaries. These networks are a result of the growth of an information age where knowledge, goods and people can move quickly, easily and cheaply across national boundaries.
Reduced Risk: Criminal networks operate transnationally as it reduces the risks and increases their profits. Criminal activities centre around countries where the state and law enforcement are weak e.g. heroine is produced in Afghanistan, Cocaine produced in Columbia very cheaply. However, sales are made in richer, more profitable markets e.g. US, UK
Apart from harm done to victims, global criminal networks also harm the economy, politics and culture of the world as in many countries, organised global crime is now linked to corruption within the gov= distorts policies and prevents effective law enforcement
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Globalised Crime
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The internet
International terrorism: terrorists can use the internet to coordinate and recruit members E.g. ISIS conducted a high-tech media jihad to advertise itself globally and create a network of militants from all over the world.
Cyber crimes: Wall argues there are 4 types of cyber-crime:
- cyber-trespass (spreading viruses, hacking)
- cyber-deception and theft (identity theft, stealing from bank accounts)
- cyber-pornography (children)
- cyber-violence (emotional harm/ encouraging physical violence online)
Held et al: there has been a globalisation of crime- an interconnectedness of crime across national borders. Globalisation creates new opportunities for crime, new means of committing crime and entirely new offences e.g. cyber crime.
Travel
- Smuggling of illegal immigrants: individuals or groups who charge large fees to desperate migrants in order to assist their entry into a new country.
- Trafficking of women and children: often for prostitution or slavery, transported across borders to areas with less enforcement and protection laws e.g. over 700,000 women trafficked for sex every year
- Trafficking of body parts: transporting organs of impoverished, desperate people in poor countries to rich countries where organs are in demand (growth of kidneyvilles, people selling their organs for as little as a few hundred dollars when they are sold for hundreds of thousands, estimated 2000 organs are taken from executed criminals in China)
- Drugs trafficking: Drug trafficking through containerisation means drugs can be easily trafficked due to quantities involved it is difficult for law enforcement/ custom officials to check their contents. Gangs may bribe port officials to get them to deliver their criminal merchandise
- Arms trafficking: weapons being sold to terrorists and military groups internationally. Can now even be done online e.g through the dark web, sites such as "The Armory" where arms are sold/ bought anonymously.
Hobbs and Dunningham: Due to technological developments such as the internet, individuals now have easy access to others around the world that will assist their criminal activity. This creates ‘glocal’ crime, when global criminal economies are involved in local areas. Thus while crime is locally based, it will have global connections e.g. a global drug organisation recruiting local drug dealers to sell their illegal products on the ground.